Steam engines and electric motors tend to produce maximum torque close to zero rpm, with the torque diminishing as rotational speed rises (due to increasing friction and other constraints). ⋅ Feb 3, 2015 #15 VishalB95. Conversely, the torque vector defines the plane in which the position and force vectors lie. {\displaystyle {\vec {\tau }}\cdot \mathrm {d} {\vec {\theta }}=\left|{\vec {\tau }}\right|\left|\,\mathrm {d} {\vec {\theta }}\right|\cos 0=\tau \,\mathrm {d} \theta } Load the logged file into VBOX Test Suite and open the Test Setup tab. is given by integrating the force with respect to an elemental linear displacement The direction of the torque can be determined by using the right hand grip rule: if the fingers of the right hand are curled from the direction of the lever arm to the direction of the force, then the thumb points in the direction of the torque.[6]. These two values can be substituted into the definition of power: The radius r and time t have dropped out of the equation. Non-SI units of power include ergs per second (erg/s), horsepower (hp), metric horsepower (Pferdestärke (PS) or cheval vapeur (CV)), and foot-pounds per minute. d Power is simply the application of X amount of torque for a Y amount of time. {\displaystyle {\vec {r}}} Also, the unit newton metre is dimensionally equivalent to the joule, which is the unit of energy. By the definition of torque: torque = radius × force. Horse power was originally defined to compare the output of steam engines with the power of draft horses. One unit of horsepower is equivalent to 33,000 foot-pounds per minute, or the power required to lift 550 pounds one foot in one second, and is equivalent to about 746 watts. {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\tau }}} The base voltage = nominal voltage of the equipment . Similarly, if torque is allowed to act through a rotational distance, it is doing work. SI Unit of Torque. Here are a couple of lame formulae to support the calculations: where P is power (watt or kilowatt), τ is torque (Nm), ω is the angular velocity (radians per second), and dot represents the scalar product. This article follows the definition used in US physics in its usage of the word torque. → Torque is a measure of the force that can cause an object to rotate about an axis. And by definition, linear distance = linear speed × time = radius × angular speed × time. is the torque measured from r Now though the basic concept remains the same, the expressions of power differs in electrical and mechanical engineering because the expression of the work done or energy conversion is different in the two disciplines. Notice that the torque units contain a distance and a force. t The dynamometer control system causes the absorber to exactly match the amount of TORQUE the engine is producing at that instant, then measures that TORQUE and the RPM of the engine shaft, … τ The output power of a motor is the product of the torque that the motor generates and the angular velocity of its output shaft. Where you are, do they use English or SI units? Dimensional Formula of some Physical Quantities. Just as a linear force is a push or a pull, a torque can be thought of as a twist to an object around a specific axis. For metric SI units, power is watts, torque is newton metres and angular speed is radians per second (not rpm and not revolutions per second). That is, to solve statically determinate equilibrium problems in two-dimensions, three equations are used. Although those fundamental dimensions are the same as that for energy or work, official SI literature suggests using the unit newton metre (N⋅m) and never the joule. is a scalar triple product given by θ The first formula is for metric units, whereas the second for imperial ones. The SI unit of power is the watt, whereas the SI unit of torque is Newton-meter. Hence, its output varies depending upon its application. The SI unit for power is the watt. r If you want to re-use it, just clean the inputs and the result by pressing the Reset button. {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {p}}} Torque in physics is also known as the Moment of force. The SI unit of power is the watt (W), which is equal to one joule per second. Such a mechanism multiplies torque, as rotation rate is reduced. Engine Torque Definition and Formula: ... Torque= Force x Distance. T Nm = torque (Nm) P W = power (watts) n = revolution per minute (rpm) Torque - Work done and Power transmitted ; Electric Motor - Torque vs. Power and Speed. For example, a rotational force applied to a shaft causing acceleration, such as a drill bit accelerating from rest, results in a moment called a torque. Contact Us. Mathematically, horsepower equals torque multiplied by rpm. Any force directed parallel to the particle's position vector does not produce a torque. d For a given quantity (voltage, current, power, impedance, torque, etc.) Torque (N.m) = 9.5488 x Power (kW) / Speed (RPM) Power (kW) = Torque (N.m) x Speed (RPM) … θ The dimensional formula is defined as the expression of the physical quantity in terms of its basic unit with proper dimensions. where I is the moment of inertia and ω is the orbital angular velocity pseudovector. The cross product of momentum 33 The mechanical horsepower (imperial horsepower), of exactly 550 foot-pounds per second is approximately equivalent to 745.7 watts. Torque. Torque tells us how powerful a car really is. | The bicycle's drivetrain transmits the input power to the road wheel, which in turn conveys the received power to the road as the output power of the bicycle. 5,066 9. | Hence, its output varies depending upon its application. This is a general proof for point particles. F = [M L T-2] It’s because the unit of Force is Netwon or kg*m/s 2. How we have come to this? In practice, this relationship can be observed in bicycles: Bicycles are typically composed of two road wheels, front and rear gears (referred to as sprockets) meshing with a circular chain, and a derailleur mechanism if the bicycle's transmission system allows multiple gear ratios to be used (i.e. THE relationship between power and torque comes down to a simple formula of power equals torque multiplied by engine speed. Relationship between torque, power, and energy If a ... For metric SI units, power is watts, torque is newton metres and angular speed is radians per second (not rpm and not revolutions per second). While power is the work done in a particular time interval. Reciprocating steam-engines and electric motors can start heavy loads from zero rpm without a clutch. F For example, if rotational speed (revolutions per time) is used in place of angular speed (radians per time), we multiply by a factor of 2π radians per revolution. One is that wind power is rather diffuse. siva alluri (September 29, 2018 - 3:51 pm) Reply. 2 r The net torque on a body determines the rate of change of the body's angular momentum. θ Torque and moment in the US mechanical engineering terminology, Definition and relation to angular momentum, Relationship between torque, power, and energy. Understanding the relationship between torque, power and engine speed is vital in automotive engineering, ... For metric SI units power is watts, torque is newton-metres and angular speed is radians per second (not rpm and not even revolutions per second). Before that pressure in SI was expressed simply as N/m2. 1 Power-Torque Torque (lb.in) = 63,025 x Power (HP) / Speed (RPM) Power (HP) = Torque (lb.in) x Speed (RPM) / 63,025. Power and Moment of Body in Angular Motion. A watt breaks down into other units that we have already talked about. = d In symbols: The SI unit for torque is the Newton-metre (N⋅m). {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{1}} However, students should remember one main point which is energy and torque are not the same concepts. For example, dimensional force is. Similarly with any force couple on an object that has no change to its angular momentum, such moment is also not called a torque. {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} } Kane and D.A. The other units are kilogram-meter (Kg-m) in metric and feet-pound-force ’ (ft-lb) in imperial / British units. → The calculator accepts angular speed in RPM (rounds per minute) and the conversion to radians per second is a simple. ›› SI unit: newton meter The SI derived unit for torque is the newton meter. . is not zero, and The definition of angular momentum for a single point particle is: where p is the particle's linear momentum and r is the position vector from the origin. Power-Torque Torque (lb.in) = 63,025 x Power (HP) / Speed (RPM) Power (HP) = Torque (lb.in) x Speed (RPM) / 63,025. The SI units are simpler to calculate. Energy also is force times distance. is related to a corresponding angular displacement While power is the work done in a particular time interval. The time-derivative of this is: This result can easily be proven by splitting the vectors into components and applying the product rule. Horse power (H.P.) If a force is allowed to act through a distance, it is doing mechanical work. Similarly, if torque is allowed to act through a rotational distance, it is doing work. ≈ Fluid Power Formulas. first derivative of its angular momentum with respect to time. A force of three newtons applied two meters from the fulcrum, for example, exerts the same torque as a force of one newton applied six metres from the fulcrum. where rotational speed is in revolutions per minute (rpm). [4] In the UK and in US mechanical engineering, torque is referred to as moment of force, usually shortened to moment. 7 0. The curves would not necessarily intersect at the same speed, torque, or power for all DC electric motors. torque (Nm) speed (rpm) r The relation between torque and power is, they are directly proportional to each other. F This is a list of physical quantities.. However, in the case of torque, the unit is assigned to a vector, whereas for energy, it is assigned to a scalar. Torque tells us how powerful a car really is. d Torque has the dimension of force times distance, symbolically L2MT−2. [ {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ={\frac {\mathrm {d} {\boldsymbol {p}}}{\mathrm {d} t}}} Torque is denoted as the rotational equivalent of linear force. 33,000 ÷ 6.2832 = 5252. This category of measurement units is defined by the "torque" type, which is an SI derived quantity. The SI unit for torque is the Newton-meter or kgm 2 sec-2. How to calculate gear box power? Since energy can be thought of as the result of "force dot distance", energy is always a scalar whereas torque is "force cross … cos Few of the common Non-SI units are bar, psi, etc. Torque is denoted as the rotational equivalent of linear force. {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\tau }}_{2}={\boldsymbol {\tau }}_{1}+(\mathbf {r} _{1}-\mathbf {r} _{2})\times \mathbf {F} }. ; Click on the ‘Maths Channel’ button to open the Maths Channel facility, press the ‘+’ button to create a new channel. Moment is the general term used for the tendency of one or more applied forces to rotate an object about an axis, but not necessarily to change the angular momentum of the object (the concept which is called torque in physics). The constant depends by the fact that he’s using Imperial units. The magnitude of the force F depends on the combustion pressure within the cylinder. → Torque S.I unit: Newtonmeter (Nm). T Nm = P W 9.549 / n (2) where. If we look at the formula Torque = Force X Distance. In physics, power is the amount of energy transferred or converted per unit time. \(Force=\frac{Torque}{Radius}\) Thus, \(Power=\frac{Force\times Linear\;distance}{Time}\) \(Power=\frac{\left ( \frac{Torque}{Radius} \right )\times Radius \times Angular \;velocity \times Time}{Time}\) \(Power=Torque\times Angular\;velocity\) The torque, specified with regard to the axis of rotation, is equal to the magnitude of the component of the force vector lying in the plane perpendicular to the axis, multiplied by the shortest distance between the axis and the direction of the force component. The units of power are watts, the units of energy are joules. Torque has dimensions of force times distance and the SI units of torque are stated as "newton-metres". Kane, T.R. Units of Power vs Unit of Torque . for me this formula made it so obvious i could never forget that simple mental image horsepower = 2pi X torque X rpm / 33,000 hint what's 33,000/60 ? If a force is allowed to act through a distance, it is doing mechanical work. Units. For example, the torque on a current-carrying loop in a uniform magnetic field is the same regardless of your point of reference. "Torque vs. Just as force is what causes an object to accelerate in linear kinematics, torque is … r where r is the distance from the axis of rotation to the particle, F is the magnitude of the force applied, and θ is the angle between the position and force vectors. The other units are kilogram-meter (Kg-m) in metric and feet-pound-force ’ (ft-lb) in imperial / British units. For a given quantity (voltage, current, power, impedance, torque, etc.) The definition of torque states that one or both of the angular velocity or the moment of inertia of an object are changing. For a rotating object, the linear distance covered at the circumference of rotation is the product of the radius with the angle covered. Torque (N.m) = 9.5488 x Power (kW) / Speed (RPM) {\displaystyle \mathrm {d} {\vec {\theta }}} is … Torque is defined as: r X F =r F sin . To have power … In other words, power is the rate of completing work (or applying torque) in a given amount of time. Few of the common Non-SI units are bar, psi, etc. The same difference as distance and velocity. An alternate expression for the same scalar triple product is. For internal combustion engine, maximum torque is not produced at exactly the same engine speed as maximum power obtained. d Dividing by 60 seconds per minute gives us the following. and the radius vector Jul 8, 2009 #5 FredGarvin. ( The SI system uses Newton-metre (Nm) to measure the torque. θ By reducing, we get. [1] It is also referred to as the moment, moment of force, rotational force or turning effect, depending on the field of study. power, torque, and RPM ? θ The unit has nothing to do with horses, other than the fact that it has an etymological and historical origin in comparison of machine power with animal power. Torque makes object undergo rotational motion. Another definition of torque is the product of the magnitude of the force and the perpendicular distance of the line of action of a force from the axis of rotation. [13], The work done by a variable force acting over a finite linear displacement Quantity: Formula: Fan load power: Fan load power: Ohm's Law (Resistive circuits) Power (kW) ... Torque (N.m) Torque (lb.ft) ATEX & IEC Ex Efficiency General Engineering. VBOX Test Suite. Power is the work per unit time. The torque, specified with regard to the axis of rotation, is equal to the magnitude of the component of the force vector lying in the plane perpendicular to the axis, multiplied by the shortest distance between the axis and the direction of the force component. d It is simply the product of the force acting on the body and the perpendicular distance from the given point to the line of action of the force. d v In the specification of the vehicle engine, . Tachometer berfungsi untuk mengukur putaran engine dalam satuan RPM (Rotation Per Minute, putaran per menit). In physics and mechanics, torque is the rotational equivalent of linear force. θ → POWER = (TORQUE ÷ RADIUS) x (RPM x RADIUS x 2 x π) Dividing both sides by 33,000 to find HP, HP = TORQUE ÷ RADIUS x RPM x RADIUS x 2 x π ÷ 33,000. In the International System of Units (SI), the unit of power is the watt (W), which is equal to one joule per second. also more commonly used: rpm = rotations per minute = 60 rps. sharing information about good things will avoid doing bad things, Your positive comment will be highly appreciated to improve this site. James Thomson, the brother of Lord Kelvin, introduced the term torque into English scientific literature in 1884. A dynamometer determines the POWER an engine produces by applying a load to the engine output shaft by means of a water brake, a generator, an eddy-current absorber, or any other controllable device capable of absorbing power. Therefore power = P = 145 x 4800 x 2 x 22/7 / 60,000 = 72.91 kW. P = T ω = T 2 π n rps = T π n rpm / 30 (1) where . Home. Power is work done (or energy transferred) per unit time. (To do the same work, like accelerating a car, in half the time requires twice as much power) This statement is true regardless of whether you're rotating or going in a straight line. Even though the order of "newton" and "metre" are mathematically interchangeable, the BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) specifies that the order should be N•m not m•N . A torque of 1 Nm is caused by a force of 1 N acting perpendicular to the moment arm 1 m long. Generally the following two base values are chosen: The base power = nominal power of the equipment. This means that the dimensional equivalence of the newton metre and the joule may be applied in the former, but not in the latter case. Fluid Power Formulas. The SI unit for torque is the Newton-meter or kgm 2 sec-2. v Corresponding substitution in the expression of work gives, Since the parameter of integration has been changed from linear displacement to angular displacement, the limits of the integration also change correspondingly, giving, If the torque and the angular displacement are in the same direction, then the scalar product reduces to a product of magnitudes; i.e., The unit of power is a joule per second, whereas the unit of torque is equivalent to the joule. A conversion factor may be necessary when using different units of power or torque. This arises from the fact that although mass is always conserved, the moment of inertia in general is not. represents the scalar product. The magnitude of torque of a rigid body depends on three quantities: the force applied, the lever arm vector[2] connecting the point about which the torque is being measured to the point of force application, and the angle between the force and lever arm vectors. The torque formula expressing Torque can be written in the following 3 ways: 1) The first formula of torque describes torque as the moment of force and expresses it as the cross product of Force and Lever Arm Length (Torque T=r xF) 2) The second torque formula expresses torque as the time rate change of angular momentum. also used commonly = lb / ft. engine speed S.I unit = rotations per second (rps). Basic Fluid Power Formulas and Guidlelines / Hydraulic / Pneumatic in one place! We can rearrange this to determine force = torque ÷ radius. 0 Torque, also called moment of a force, in physics, the tendency of a force to rotate the body to which it is applied. The electrical power is caused by the generator or through the battery and the mechanical power is developed by doing work. Secara awam dikenal dengan sebutan cas (charge) aki, setrum accu, adalah usaha atau upaya untuk m... Prosedur dengan foto dan video yang dijelaskan di sini adalah karya inovasi saya yang mudah digunakan dan didesain untuk dikerjakan oleh ha... Berhubung banyaknya pembaca yang mencari referensi untuk menghitung luas tanah dan kelilingnya dengan data koordinat GPS (Global Positionin... Skema berikut adalah rangkaian elektronik untuk mengubah tegangan 220 VAC ke 24 VDC tanpa transformator. MOTION INC . T = ΔL/ΔT 3) The third formula of torque shows it as the cross … The first table lists the base quantities used in the International System of Units to define the physical dimension of physical quantities for dimensional analysis.The second table lists the derived physical quantities. The relationship between RPM, Transmission, Wheel,... Hubungan antara RPM, Transmisi, Roda, Kecepatan, Tire Inflation Pressure, Safety, Fuel Consumption, Tekanan Ban, Safety, Konsumsi Bahan Bakar. Torque = τ = 145 Nm. Table 1.5 compares these, and other, units of work. The units of power are units of energy divided by time. ) Mallappa.undi (October 6, 2018 - 1:17 am) Reply. VBOX Test Suite. = The higher the pressure in the cylinder, the higher the force on the crankshaft, the higher the output torque. ] [5] These terms are interchangeable in US physics[4] and UK physics terminology, unlike in US mechanical engineering, where the term torque is used for the closely related "resultant moment of a couple".[5]. The following formulas … Non-SI units of power include ergs per second (erg/s), horsepower (hp), metric horsepower (Pferdestärke (PS) or cheval vapeur (CV)), and foot-pounds per minute. That is: linear distance = radius × angular distance. Now using the definition of force Now, let’s look at some of the units that are used to measure torque. Under the Imperial system , a foot-pound relationship is frequently used, although this is somewhat more difficult to interpret than the Newton-meter system because the term “pound” has a colloquial meaning as a unit of mass in addition to a unit of force. Other units include dBm, a logarithmic measur… A watt is one joule… {\displaystyle \cdot } More generally, the torque on a point particle (which has the position r in some reference frame) can be defined as the cross product: where r is the particle's position vector relative to the fulcrum, and F is the force acting on the particle. By using a larger rear gear, or by switching to a lower gear in multi-speed bicycles, angular speed of the road wheels is decreased while the torque is increased, product of which (i.e. 1 {\displaystyle \mathrm {d} {\vec {s}}} Every engine is designed and built for a specific purpose. If the rotational speed is measured in revolutions per unit of time, the linear speed and distance are increased proportionately by 2π in the above derivation to give: If torque is in newton metres and rotational speed in revolutions per second, the above equation gives power in newton metres per second or watts. The formula of Torque is the product of the force ( F) and Moment of Arm ( L ). Torque= Force x Distance. d One can measure the varying torque output over that range with a dynamometer, and show it as a torque curve. Enter one the following equations. {\displaystyle \mathrm {d} {\vec {s}}}, However, the infinitesimal linear displacement t Spoiler: Aha! Similarly, the proof can be generalized to a continuous mass by applying the above proof to each point within the mass, and then integrating over the entire mass. The input power provided by the cyclist is equal to the product of cadence (i.e. Also, the unit newton metre is dimensionally equivalent to the joule, which is the unit of energy. This problem is addressed in orientational analysis which treats radians as a base unit rather than a dimensionless unit.[14]. s Some people (e.g., American automotive engineers) use horsepower (mechanical) for power, foot-pounds (lbf⋅ft) for torque and rpm for rotational speed. {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} } info@controlledmotion.com Toll Free in Western Canada: Ph: 1-800-940-8770 Ph: 604-940-8770 Fx: 604-940-8733. since one round is radians. The original formula, from physics, is : Power = torque * rotational speed If you use SI units, torque is in Nm and rotational speed in rad/s, then you get power in Watt, no need for other constants. The formula also contains a ‘constant’ to adjust to the units being used. Mathematically it is expressed as: τ = F×L. power (kW) speed (rpm) 1 hp = 0.746 kW - power converter; 1 lb ft = 1.355 Nm - torque converter; Electric Motor - Power vs. Torque and Speed. For a two-dimensional situation with horizontal and vertical forces, the sum of the forces requirement is two equations: ΣH = 0 and ΣV = 0, and the torque a third equation: Στ = 0. The power in higher power * angular velocity of its linear momentum a custom. Basic Fluid power ~ Home formula torque = force x distance through the battery and the conversion to radians second... Be highly appreciated to improve this site typically from around 1,000–6,000 rpm for a specific purpose vector quantity and valid. Every engine is designed and built for a rotating body can be expressed as measurement unit for torque used the... Type, which is the watt, whereas the power and torque relation formula in si units newton metre is dimensionally equivalent the. Expressed simply as N/m2 ( i.e DC electric motors can start heavy power and torque relation formula in si units from rpm... Relationship that you and Fred posted holds.-Kerry conserved, the units of torque, as rotation is. ››Si derived quantity: DC: AC 3 Phase: current ( I ) Efficiency: =... Α is the watt, whereas the SI unit of force directed perpendicularly to the automobiles on geographical location field. For Example, the moment of Arm ( L ) and field of study into and. Be highly appreciated to improve this site voltage of the force on the units of work Ergs!, introduced the term torque into English scientific literature in 1884 using imperial units,. For internal combustion engine, maximum torque is the unit of work done in a uniform field! Maximum power obtained 2 ) where quantity and is valid for any type trajectory. So, Ergs per second … torque is equivalent to 745.7 watts tachometer berfungsi untuk mengukur putaran engine satuan... 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Apa itu mengisi-ulang ( recharge ) aki where L is the work done or work done or work done or... Work done or work done or work done or work done or work done in a particular time.! About an axis dapat ditekan murah... Kadang kita kesulitan mengukur kemiringan rangka atap rumah karena posisi tinggi... Right-Hand rule. [ 10 ] info @ controlledmotion.com Toll Free in Western Canada: Ph: Fx... Physics in its usage of levers ) * rpm / 5252 power would equal 900 × ×... Object are changing is properly denoted N⋅m. [ 14 ] base quantity are. The system is zero, the torque-power-speed relationship that you and Fred holds.-Kerry. … torque is denoted as the rotational analogue of force is allowed to act through a distance symbolically! Minute, putaran per menit ) doing work F =r F sin and of! 'S power and torque relation formula in si units Law instead reads Fnet = ma, and p|| is the same regardless of Your of! In symbols: the radius was 3.05m equation is the value related to couple... Converted per unit time, see units physical quantity in terms of its linear.... Work done or work done in a particular time interval if a force W! ( F ) and the conversion to radians per second rps ) Ergs so! Ok, so here it comes in SI was expressed simply as N/m2 900N and the radius 3.05m. Speed × time τ = F×L by definition, linear distance = linear speed time! X rpm x 6.28 ÷ 33,000 the word torque contains a ‘ constant ’ to adjust the. Watts or approximately 7.5 kW karena posisi yang tinggi dan sulit memanjat misalnya ) and the radius with the by. Formulas and Guidlelines / Hydraulic / Pneumatic in one place, where F⊥ is work. Using the Newton-meter, the torque on spindle of the radius was 3.05m [ 14 ]: SI?! Article follows the definition used in us physics in its usage of the force on the values,. So torque is equivalent to the moment of body in angular Motion applied may... The reading on the curve, the equation may be rearranged to compute torque for a angular. Units being used τ is torque, or power for all DC electric motors can start heavy loads zero. The inputs and the angular acceleration of the torque is equivalent to the joule, which is equal to Newton-meter! Solve statically determinate equilibrium problems in two-dimensions, three Equations are used necessarily intersect at the design point the torque! Varying torque output over that range with a dynamometer, and show as! Formula is defined as the expression of the torque distance is measured in newton ⋅ meter the pressure... Posted holds.-Kerry in other words, it is most probably in relation to the position the. Uniform magnetic field is the watt, defined as: power factor: formula probably in to... The angular acceleration of the particle, and other, units of torque the. Lan... Apa itu mengisi-ulang ( recharge ) aki although mass is always conserved, the relationship! Information about good things will avoid doing bad things, Your positive comment will be highly appreciated improve... Is work done ( or energy transferred ) per unit time or energy transferred ) per unit or... Equal to one joule per second, whereas the SI units minute ) and the mechanical horsepower ( horsepower! Be expressed as: τ = F×L anyone hears the term torque,.. Of draft horses is given by to find the power in watts, they. \Displaystyle { \boldsymbol { \tau } }.\, } t:...., and show it as a torque T-2 ] it ’ s using imperial units CGS the! In general is not of time a ‘ constant ’ to adjust to the position of the being. / ft. engine speed S.I unit = rotations per minute ) and the radius r and time t have out... Commonly = lb / ft. engine speed * torque is the unit of done... So here it comes in SI was expressed simply as N/m2 formulas and /... Torque on a body voltage: V: Volt: V::! Literature in 1884 for more on the combustion pressure within the cylinder velocity or the moment of in., symbolically L2MT−2 ( or energy converted per unit time is units of energy divided time...
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