(d) Rhizobium (b) Chlorination The female reproductive system employs lactate, an exogenously produced chemical mediator, to inhibit microbial growth. (d) all of these Lactoferrin inhibits microbial growth by chemically binding and sequestering iron. (d) Both (a) and (c), Question 45. (d) fertilisers prepared by mixing cattle dung with crop residues (b) biological control of soil-borne plant pathogens Although it is difficult to quantify the relative strength of different muscles, it remains indisputable that the tongue is a workhorse, facilitating ingestion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion (lingual lipase), sensation (of taste, texture, and temperature of food), swallowing, and vocalization. Monascus purpureus is a yeast commercially used in the production of One strategy for treating C. difficile infections is fecal transplantation, which involves the transfer of fecal material from a donor (screened for potential pathogens) into the intestines of the recipient patient as a method of restoring the normal microbiota and combating C. difficile infections. (c) activated sludge (d) all of these (d) Azolla pinnata, Question 4. In the case of diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile, the infection can be severe and potentially lethal. Answer: (b) primary sludge, Question 40. In this chapter, we have divided the numerous defenses that make up this system into three categories: physical defenses, chemical defenses, and cellular defenses. Answer: Some AMPs are produced routinely by the body, whereas others are primarily produced (or produced in greater quantities) in response to the presence of an invading pathogen. The nurse asks Angela if she has a history of asthma or allergies. However, small wounds in the skin, such as those caused by thorns, can provide an opening for opportunistic pathogens like Sporothrix schenkii, a soil-dwelling fungus and the causative agent of rose gardener’s disease. Bacillus thuringiensis is used to control (d) Protozoa Describe how the mucociliary escalator functions. (c) effects on non-target pathogens The inoculum is added to the fresh milk in order to convert milk into curd, the term ‘inoculum’ here refers to A wound can serve as a point of entry for opportunistic pathogens, which can infect the skin tissue surrounding the wound and possibly spread to deeper tissues. (a) use of fertilisers and pesticides of biological origin Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, watery liquid that flows around the brain and spinal cord, surrounding and protecting them. (b) chemical pesticides, Question 26. (b) IPM (Integrated Pest Management) Tears flow from the external eye to the nasal cavity by the lacrimal apparatus, which is composed of the structures involved in tear production (Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\)). The free-living fungus Trichoderma can be used for Which of the following microbes is a proteinacious infectious agent ? The vitamin whose content increases following the conversion of milk into curd by lactic acid bacteria is The nasal cavity is also lined with a mucous membrane and Bowman’s glands that produce mucus to help trap particles and microorganisms for removal, a layer known as the mucociliary blanket. There are two small openings, one on the inside edge of the upper eyelid and one on the inside edge of the lower eyelid, near the nose. (c) Sedimentation, Question 39. There are numerous other AMPs throughout the body. (c) reduce sedimentation (d) organotrophs The chewing and wetting action provided by the teeth and saliva prepare the food into a mass called the bolus for swallowing. Nucific is a California company committed to producing the highest quality supplements on the market. However, it is important to keep in mind that these defenses do not function independently, and the categories often overlap. We hope the given Biology MCQs for Class 12 with Answers Chapter 10 Microbes in Human Welfare will help you. (d) used in civil construction Although urine does contain some antibacterial components, bacteria will grow in urine left out at room temperature. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains have been used for designing novel Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\): This scanning electron micrograph shows ciliated and nonciliated epithelial cells from the human trachea. (c) Xanthomonas campestris, Question 27. (c) CO2, C2H5OH and energy Additionally, fluids containing immunoglobulins and phagocytic cells are produced in the gingival spaces. Answer: Answer: The expelled mucus is then swallowed and destroyed in the stomach, or coughed up, or sneezed out (Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\)). The viscosity and acidity of this secretion inhibits microbial attachment to the underlying cells. (d) activated sludge The underlying cause had never been identified. (c) controlling butterfly caterpillars Our mission is to offer cutting-edge products backed by science that can help your body operate at its prime level, the way it was designed to. In addition, mucins facilitate removal of microbes from the surface of the eye. Urine passing out of the body washes out transient microorganisms, preventing them from taking up residence. (d) Anabaena (a) Anabaena (d) increasing its resistance to insects (b) Bacillus thuringiensis Methanogenic bacteria are not found in The lacrimal gland, above the eye, secretes tears to keep the eye moist. (d) Azotobacter chroococcum, Question 33. (b) fertilisers formed by ploughing in barseem Free PDF Download of CBSE Biology Multiple Choice Questions for Class 12 with Answers Chapter 10 Microbes in Human Welfare. 13.1: First Line defense- Physical, Mechanical and Chemical Defenses, [ "article:topic", "authorname:openstax", "Nonspecific innate immunity", "physical barriers", "mucus", "peristalsis", "endothelia", "showtoc:no", "license:ccby", "source[1]-bio-5215", "source[2]-bio-5215" ], https://bio.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fbio.libretexts.org%2FCourses%2FManchester_Community_College_(MCC)%2FRemix_of_Openstax%253AMicrobiology_by_Parker%252C_Schneegurt%252C_et_al%2F13%253A_Innate_Nonspecific_Host_Defenses%2F13.01%253A_1st_Line_defense-_Physical_and_Chemical_Defenses, 13.2: Second Line Defenses: Cells and Fluids, https://openstax.org/books/microbiology/pages/1-introduction, Epithelial cells, macrophages, and other cell types, Epithelial cells, macrophages, neutrophils, Disrupts membrane integrity and ion channels, Skin, mucous membranes, endothelial cells, Shedding of skin cells, mucociliary sweeping, peristalsis, flushing action of urine and tears, Remove pathogens from potential sites of infection, Resident bacteria of the skin, upper respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary tract, Compete with pathogens for cellular binding sites and nutrients, Describe the various physical barriers and mechanical defenses that protect the human body against infection and disease, Describe how enzymes in body fluids provide protection against infection or disease, Describe the role of microbiota as a first-line defense against infection and disease. (c) nematodes Answer: Have questions or comments? (d) mycorrhiza (c) mechanical methods (a) oxygen Treatment with antibiotics can significantly deplete the normal microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract, providing an advantage for pathogenic bacteria to colonize and cause diarrheal infection. (d) streptokinase, Question 36. (b) anaerobic process, Question 48. The epithelial cells lining the upper parts of the respiratory tract are called ciliated epithelial cells because they have hair-like appendages known as cilia. (c) enhancing its resistance to root pathogens (b) biofertilisers Answer: Nonspecific innate immunity can be characterized as a multifaceted system of defenses that targets invading pathogens in a nonspecific manner. (d) increasing its resistance to insects, Question 15. (b) mycorrhiza, Question 34. An important component of the eye is the nasolacrimal drainage system, which serves as a conduit for the fluid of the eye, called tears. The nutritive medium for growing bacteria and many fungi in laboratory is called (a) Streptomyces griseus, Question 25. (b) Bacillus thuringiensis, Question 51. (b) increasing its tolerance to drought The CNS is one of the most sensitive and important areas of the body, as microbial infection of the CNS can quickly lead to serious and often fatal inflammation. (c) culture media (c) active process (a) N2 fixing bacteria Answer: (b) gobar gas plant One of the body’s most important physical barriers is the skin barrier, which is composed of three layers of closely packed cells. (d) All of these (d) Azospirillum (a) VAM (a) antiseptics Further down, the intestinal tract is lined with epithelial cells, interspersed with mucus-secreting goblet cells (Figure \(\PageIndex{6}\)). We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. At the cellular level, barriers consist of cells that are tightly joined to prevent invaders from crossing through to deeper tissue. (d) compost (c) lipase It is found in small quantities (generally 5-20 mL) between the layers of the peritoneum that line the abdominal wall. Which of the following bacteria is present in the rumen of cattle ? Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. (a) bacteria Answer: (d) Pseudomonas, Question 16. The mucociliary escalator pushes mucus away from the lungs, along with any debris or microorganisms that may be trapped in the sticky mucus, and the mucus moves up to the esophagus where it can be removed by swallowing. This mucus mixes with material received from the stomach, trapping foodborne microbes and debris. (a) cowdung manure and farmyard waste (c) fertilisers obtained by decay of dead organisms (d) all of these, Question 29. During the primary treatment of sewage, solid particles that settle down are called The keratin makes the skin’s surface mechanically tough and resistant to degradation by bacterial enzymes. (a) rumen of cattle Several Kampo medicines and their ingredients have been … (b) Azotobacter, Question 6. Answer: (b) A quick growing crop ploughed back into the field Unless otherwise noted, LibreTexts content is licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 3.0. Answer: Answer: (a) burnt Finally, the normal microbiota provides an additional barrier to infection via a variety of mechanisms. (b) ethanol (d) all of these, Question 23. Answer: (c) Bacteria Answer: Answer: Mucous membranes consist of a layer of epithelial cells bound by tight junctions. Organic farming includes This effectually starves many microbes that require iron for growth. Answer: Enzyme which has the fibrinolytic effect is Any microbes or debris that make it past these physical barriers may be flushed out by the mechanical action of blinking, which bathes the eye in tears, washing debris away (Figure \(\PageIndex{7}\)). (b) chemical fertilisers The chemical substances produced by some microbes which can kill or retard the growth of other microbes are called Infections can occur when the skin barrier is compromised or broken. List two ways resident microbiota defend against pathogens. Mike, a gardener from southern California, recently noticed a small red bump on his left forearm. These dead cells remain as a tightly connected, dense layer of protein-filled cell husks on the surface of the skin. (c) Azospirillum Answer: (b) N2 fixing cyanobacteria, Question 3. (c) bio-mineralisation process Propionibacterium acnes Infection. (d) Both (a) and (c) (a) mosquitoes (b) Azorhizobium Peritoneal fluid is a liquid that acts as a lubricant in the abdominal cavity. What causes swelling of body tissues in general? Sebum also serves to protect the skin and reduce water loss. In many regions of the body, mechanical actions serve to flush mucus (along with trapped or dead microbes) out of the body or away from potential sites of infection. Depending on the specific antimicrobial mechanism, a particular AMP may inhibit only certain groups of microbes (e.g., gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria) or it may be more broadly effective against bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. : physical defenses of the following antibiotics was extensively used to treat American soldiers wounded in War! Some portions of carbohydrates factors appear to work with a new appreciation for gloves protective. 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