night of broken glass quizletnight of broken glass quizlet

"The sovereigns", Kibbutz Kfar Blum (Palestine), 1945, p. 171 cited in Gilbert, op.cit., p 67. The Day the Holocaust Began: The Odyssey of Herschel Grynszpan. Lucas, Eric. November 9th 1938. Racial hatred and hysteria seemed to have taken complete hold of otherwise decent people. Kristallnacht was a turning point in the history of the Third Reich, marking the shift . The night of broken glass. The day happened to coincide with the anniversary of the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch, an important date in the National Socialist calendar. [18] Many sought asylum abroad; hundreds of thousands emigrated, but as Chaim Weizmann wrote in 1936, "The world seemed to be divided into two partsthose places where the Jews could not live and those where they could not enter. From November 9 to 10, 1938, in an . During the pogrom, some 30,000 Jewish males were rounded up and taken to concentration camps. [62], In 1938, just after Kristallnacht, the psychologist Michael Mller-Claudius interviewed 41 randomly selected Nazi Party members on their attitudes towards racial persecution. The rioters destroyed hundreds of synagogues and Jewish institutions throughout Germany, Austria, and the Sudetenland. Despite the repressive nature of these policies, through most of 1938, the harassment of Jews was primarily nonviolent. The Night of Broken Glass marked a turning point in theNazi war against the Jews. German education officials expelled Jewish children still attending German schools. Violent attacks on Jews and Judaism throughout the Reich and in the recently annexed Sudetenland began on November 8 and continued until November 11 in Hannover and the free city of Danzig, which had not then been incorporated into the Reich. [caption=13f42eac-82e8-4dfb-8563-0b6af0ef8d9b] - [credit=13f42eac-82e8-4dfb-8563-0b6af0ef8d9b]. The brutality of the pogrom, and the Nazi government's deliberate policy of encouraging the violence once it had begun, laid bare the repressive nature and widespread anti-Semitism entrenched in Germany. After the pogrom ended, it was given an oddly poetic name: Kristallnachtmeaning crystal night or night of broken glass. This name symbolized the final shattering of Jewish existence in Germany. [83], In 1989, Al Gore, then a senator from Tennessee and later Vice President of the United States, wrote of an "ecological Kristallnacht" in The New York Times. Michael Berenbaumagraduate of Queens College (BA, 1967) and Florida State University (Ph.D., 1975) who alsoattended The Hebrew University andthe Jewish Theological Seminaryis a writer, Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. In response to the news of Nazi terror against Jews, Americans protested in cities including New York and Los Angeles. Kristallnacht marked a turning point toward more violent and repressive treatment of Jews by the Nazis. Nazi propaganda alienated 500,000 Jews in Germany, who accounted for only 0.86% of the overall population, and framed them as an enemy responsible for Germany's defeat in the First World War and for its subsequent economic disasters, such as the 1920s hyperinflation and subsequent Great Depression. British Library.9 November 1938: Kristallnacht. Jewish Museum Berlin.Breckinridge Long. The secret military police in Nazi Germany. The orders also indicated that police officials should arrest as many Jews as local jails could hold, preferably young, healthy men. Enter the lesson word most nearly the opposite of the boldfaced word or words. Kristallnacht - "The Night of Broken Glass" January 18, 2016Adrian Lockhart On November 9, 1938, 90 Jews were murdered, over 30,000 Jewish men were rounded up and taken to concentration camps, and about 7,500 Jewish business were destroyed and looted. Grynszpan and vom Rath had become intimate after they met in Le Boeuf sur le Toit, which was a popular meeting place for gay men at the time. Around the time of Kristallnacht, the SS newspaper Das Schwarze Korps called for a "destruction by swords and flames." The German power metal band Masterplan's debut album, Masterplan (2003), features an anti-Nazi song entitled "Crystal Night" as the fourth track. On November 15, 1938, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, responded to Kristallnacht by reading a statement to the media in which he harshly denounced the rising tide of anti-Semitism and violence in Germany. Sturmbateilung which means storm troopers. "[73] Diarmaid MacCulloch argued that Luther's 1543 pamphlet, On the Jews and Their Lies was a "blueprint" for the Kristallnacht.[74]. [53] The majority went to other European countries, the U.S. and Mandatory Palestine, and at least 14,000 made it to Shanghai, China. Anti-Jewish legislation in pre-war Nazi Germany, Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, More than 30,000 Jewish men were arrested, murderous pogroms incited by Imperial Russia, Beth Shalom National Holocaust Centre and Museum. German Jews lost their right to hold a driver's license or own an automobile. [5] Rioters destroyed 267 synagogues throughout Germany, Austria and the Sudetenland. The president also announced that he had recalled the US ambassador to Germany, Hugh Wilson. Violence began to erupt in various parts of the Reich throughout the late evening and early morning hours of November 910. While the Nazi party was interested in improving its financial strength on the regional and local level by taking over Jewish property, Hermann Gring, in charge of the Four-Year Plan, hoped to acquire access to foreign currency in order to pay for the import of urgently-needed raw material. How did changing energy needs affect the public's view over time? [80] An account cited that Hitler's green light for Kristallnacht was made with the belief that it would help him realize his ambition of getting rid of the Jews in Germany. Life would never be the same. Thus, Kristallnacht figures as an essential turning point in Nazi Germany's persecution of Jews, which culminated in the attempt to annihilate the European Jews. Also known as brown shirts. They described the actions as justifiable and spontaneous responses of the German population to the assassination of a German diplomatic official, Ernst vom Rath, in Paris. A British newspaper told its readers that hundreds "are reported to be lying about, penniless and deserted, in little villages along the frontier near where they had been driven out by the Gestapo and left. Nearly 100 Jews were killed duringKristallnachtand 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and sent to concentration camps. This unprecedented violence against the Reichs Jews generated international outrage. [66] The press was also under orders to downplay the Kristallnacht, describing general events at the local level only, with prohibition against depictions of individual events. In The. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The German government made an immediate pronouncement that the Jews themselves were to blame for the pogrom and imposed a fine of one billion Reichsmark (some 400 million US dollars at 1938 rates) on the German Jewish community. Vom Rath was a German embassy official stationed in Paris. Synagoguesburned throughout the night. The regime moved eventually toward policies of forced emigration, and finally toward the realization of a Germany free of Jews (judenrein) by deportation of the Jewish population to the East.. German censors sought to block images of Kristallnacht from reaching newspapers in the United States. Hammer I Miss You 8. In Berlin, police Lieutenant Otto Bellgardt barred SA troopers from setting the New Synagogue on fire, earning his superior officer a verbal reprimand from the commissioner. [24] In the so-called "Polenaktion", more than 12,000 Polish Jews, among them the philosopher and theologian Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel, and future literary critic Marcel Reich-Ranicki were expelled from Germany on 28 October 1938, on Hitler's orders. Word of his death reached Hitler that evening while he was with several key members of the Nazi party at a dinner commemorating the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch. The violence continued during the day of November 10, and in some places acts of violence . Main telephone: 202.488.0400 [68], In view of this being a totalitarian state a surprising characteristic of the situation here is the intensity and scope among German citizens of condemnation of the recent happenings against Jews. November 9th 1938. . Nearly 100 Jews were killed during, ,000 Jewish men were arrested and sent to concentration camps, That is not in contemplation; we have the quota system., How a Near-Death Experience Changed Rais Bhuiyans Life, Today in History: We Hold the Rock: The Occupation of Alcatraz and the Native American Fight for Sovereignty in the Age of Fracture, Jan 6 Hearing Tied Trump to The White Power Movement, Today in History: We Remember March 16th, 2021, Today in History: Antisemitism, an American Problem, Today in History: The Father Coughlin Story, Black History Month: Reflection, Celebration, and Repair, Today in History: Reading the Holocaust 77 Years After the Liberation of Auschwitz. Students will learn about these events by watching a short documentary and examining a range of firsthand accounts. 13 terms. Updates? Kristallnacht, literally, "Night of Crystal," is often referred to as the "Night of Broken Glass." The broken window fallacy is often used to discredit the idea that going to war stimulates a country's economy. Moreover, the passivity with which most German civilians responded to the violence signaled to the Nazi regime that the German public was prepared for more radical measures. The Nuremberg Laws, passed in September 1935, decreed that only Aryans could be full German citizens. November 1938 | ZbE", "The deportation of Regensburg Jews to Dachau concentration camp", "Kristallnacht remnants unearthed near Berlin", "NEW CAMPAIGN AGAINST JEWS NAZI OUTBREAKS", http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2013/11/8/1383904706426/goebbels-001.jpg, Reformation: Europe's House Divided, 1490-1700, "Telegram protesting against the persecution of Jews in Germany", "Post-War Justice Sites of the Novemberpogrom 1938 in Innsbruck", "Millionaire Apologizes for Comparing Progressives to Nazis, Says His Watch Is Worth a '6-Pack of Rolexes', "Tom Perkins: Billionaire venture capitalist ridiculed after writing letter comparing the treatment of rich Americans to the Holocaust", "Tom Perkins Responds To Nazi Germany And 1 Percent Criticism, Says Kristallnacht Was 'Terrible Word To Have Chosen', "St. Louis Jewish cemetery rededicated after gravestones toppled by vandals - Diaspora - Jerusalem Post", "Holocaust Memorial in Boston damaged for second time this summer - The Boston Globe", "Finance minister slams Judenboykott, Kristallnacht re-enaction against Muslims in Sri Lanka", "Schwarzenegger compares Capitol mob violence to Kristallnacht destruction by Nazis in viral video", "Schwarzenegger rebukes Trump and compares Capitol riot to Kristallnacht", "KFC apologises after German Kristallnacht promotion", "Interview with Miriam Ron, Witness to the Events of Kristallnacht", "The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Kristallnacht", "Kristallnacht: A Nationwide Pogrom, November 910, 1938", "Kristallnacht: The November 1938 Pogroms", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristallnacht&oldid=1142342439, Durance, Jonathan. The "Night of Broken Glass" On the night of November 9-10, 1938, the Nazi regime coordinated a wave of antisemitic violence in Nazi Germany. He gave the orders on Kristallnacht. Many newspapers condemned Kristallnacht, with some of them comparing it to the murderous pogroms incited by Imperial Russia during the 1880s. The Nazi regime expanded and radicalized measures aimed at removing Jews entirely from German economic and social life in the forthcoming years. [31], Grynszpan made no attempt to escape the French police and freely confessed to the shooting. I do not hear your heartbeat. As the Jews were taken away, their remaining possessions were seized as loot both by Nazi authorities and by neighbors. After Kristallnacht, the Nazi regime made Jewish survival in Germany impossible. All Rights Reserved. The broken glass in the streets prompted the name "Kristallnacht," or Crystal Night. These laws resulted in the exclusion and alienation of Jews from German social and political life. After intense discussions, Hitler left the assembly abruptly without giving his usual address. The Nazis came to call the event Kristallnacht ("Crystal Night," or, "The Night of Broken Glass"), referring to the thousands of shattered windows that littered the streets afterwards, but the euphemism does not convey the full brutality of the event. John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, By the People: A History of the United States, AP Edition. The Night of Broken Glass, or Kristallnacht, was a pogrom against the Jews by the Nazi Party's dread Sturmabteilung (SA) on November 9-10, 1938. "[16] Their rights as citizens had been stripped. "Night of Broken Glass" is an original, inspirational, inclusive and collaborative musical theatre production commemorating the 80th anniversary of Kristallnacht as seen through the eyes of Indigenous human rights activist, William Cooper. BOONE, N.C. Join the Center for Judaic, Holocaust, and Peace Studies; Hillel; AEPi and Diversity and Inclusion for a series of events on Kristallnacht, The Night of Broken Glass (9 November 1938). I am not a dog. Get started for FREE Continue. Just before midnight on November 9, Gestapo chief Heinrich Mller sent a telegram to all police units informing them that in shortest order, actions against Jews and especially their synagogues will take place in all of Germany. After assessing the fine, Hermann Gring remarked: The swine wont commit another murder. "[10], Estimates of fatalities caused by the attacks have varied. By 1938, Germany "had entered a new radical phase in anti-Semitic activity". The official figure for Jewish deaths, released by German officials in the aftermath of Kristallnacht, was 91, but recent scholarship suggests that there were hundreds of deaths, especially if one counts those who died of their injuries in the days and weeks that followed the pogrom. [caption=13f42eac-82e8-4dfb-8563-0b6af0ef8d9b], [credit=13f42eac-82e8-4dfb-8563-0b6af0ef8d9b]. 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW Compare Impact of Energy Over Time read more, Herschel Grynszpan carried a revolver and thoughts of revenge with him as he walked through the streets of Paris on the morning of November 7, 1938. All Over Again 4. Product Details. Indeed, the effects of Kristallnacht would serve as a spur to the emigration of Jews from Germany in the months to come. Lachie_Caucasian. Leaving behind shattered glass and shattered lives, the event came to be called Kristallnacht, The Night of Broken Glass.. (The title is a reference to Arnold Schoenberg's 1899 work "Verklrte Nacht" that presaged his pioneering work on atonal music; Schoenberg was an Austrian Jew who would move to the United States to escape the Nazis). I hear them marching. The Reich confiscated any compensation claims that insurance companies paid to Jews. The broken windows theory states that visible signs of disorder and misbehavior in an environment encourage further disorder and misbehavior, leading to serious crimes. On the 1st of April 1933, the SA organized a boycott of all Jewish shops and businesses. This is what the Nazis say caused Kristallnacht. Learn with flashcards, games, and more for free. Fire companies stood by synagogues in flames with explicit instructions to let the buildings burn. [77] Gather the broken glass while wearing puncture-proof gloves so you do not touch it with your hands. The Kristillnacht, or Night of Broken Glass, marked one of the most truly horrific and gut-wrenching events of World War II - and a harbinger of the satanic . Nearly 100 Jews were killed during Kristallnacht and 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and sent to concentration . Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. As a result, many Jews began to plan an escape from their native land. Why were the Alien and Sedition Acts controversial? [87] The letter was widely criticized and condemned in The Atlantic,[88] The Independent,[89] among bloggers, Twitter users, and "his own colleagues in Silicon Valley". What were some similarities between racism in Nazi Germany and in the United States, 1920s-1940s? This wave of violence took place throughout Germany, annexed Austria, and in areas of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia recently occupied by German troops. Schwab, Gerald. On Kristallnacht Nov. 9-10, 1938 Nazi storm troopers and sympathizers raided and destroyed thousands of Jewish homes, shops and synagogues. This included guidelines for the protection of foreigners and non-Jewish businesses and property. Kristallnacht, The Night of Broken Glass, was supposedly a spontaneous outburst on the part of patriotic Germans following the assassination of a German Embassy official in Paris by a 17 year old Polish Jew. 54 terms. "Nazis Smash, Loot and Burn Jewish Shops and Temples Until Goebbels Calls Halt". However, due to the lack of interest and customer loyalty to Jews ' businesses, the boycott failed. SA and Hitler Youth units throughout Germany and its annexed territories engaged in the destruction of Jewish-owned homes and businesses. 63 terms. Despite the outward appearance of spontaneous violence, and the local cast which the pogrom took on in various regions throughout the Reich, the central orders Heydrich relayed gave specific instructions: the "spontaneous" rioters were to take no measures endangering non-Jewish German life or property; they were not to subject foreigners (even Jewish foreigners) to violence; and they were to remove all synagogue archives prior to vandalizing synagogues and other properties of the Jewish communities, and to transfer that archival material to the Security Service (Sicherheitsdienst, or SD). [40][6] Jewish homes were ransacked all throughout Germany. A Catholic nun was sentenced to death in 1945 for helping Jews. Package nonhazardous lab glass and plastic waste items in sturdy cardboard boxes. As he approached the Synagogue Prinzregentenstrasse in Berlin, pushing his hat down so he wouldnt be read more, The National Socialist German Workers Party, or Nazi Party, grew into a mass movement and ruled Germany through totalitarian means from 1933 to 1945 under the leadership of Adolf Hitler. The background of the pogrom was signified by a sharp cleavage of interests between the different agencies of party and state. The pretext for the pogroms was the shooting in Paris on November 7 of the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath by a Polish-Jewish student, Herschel Grynszpan. [49], The persecution and economic damage inflicted upon German Jews continued after the pogrom, even as their places of business were ransacked. "[61] Less than 24 hours after Kristallnacht, Adolf Hitler made a one-hour long speech in front of a group of journalists where he completely ignored the recent events on everyone's mind. At a conference on the day after the pogrom, Hermann Gring said: "The Jewish problem will reach its solution if, in anytime soon, we will be drawn into war beyond our borderthen it is obvious that we will have to manage a final account with the Jews. Fires were lit, and prayer books, scrolls, artwork and philosophy texts were thrown upon them, and precious buildings were either burned or smashed until unrecognizable. The name is a reference to the broken glass that resulted from the destruction. Kristallnacht, (German: Crystal Night) , also called Night of Broken Glass or November Pogroms, the night of November 910, 1938, when German Nazis attacked Jewish persons and property. Your boots are brown. Kristallnacht (German pronunciation: [kstalnat] ()) or the Night of Broken Glass, also called the November pogrom(s) (German: Novemberpogrome, pronounced [novm.b.poom] ()), was a pogrom against Jews carried out by the Nazi Party's Sturmabteilung (SA) paramilitary and Schutzstaffel (SS) paramilitary forces along with some participation from the Hitler Youth and German . [25] Four thousand were granted entry into Poland, but the remaining 8,000 were forced to stay at the border. The Reich government confiscated all insurance payouts to Jews whose businesses and homes were looted or destroyed, leaving the Jewish owners personally responsible for the cost of all repairs. [6] Over 1,400 synagogues and prayer rooms,[41] many Jewish cemeteries, more than 7,000 Jewish shops, and 29 department stores were damaged, and in many cases destroyed. Gilbert, Martin. [70] Verbal complaints grew rapidly in numbers, and for example, the Dsseldorf branch of the Gestapo reported a sharp decline in anti-Semitic attitudes among the population. Germans remember 1938's 'night of broken glass'. Chapter 13 Test Study Guide. The 17-year-old German refugee had just learned that his Polish-Jewish parents, along with thousands of other Jews, had been herded read more, The systematic persecution of German Jewry began with Adolf Hitlers rise to power in 1933. [57] Rolf Dessauers recalls how a neighbor came forward and restored a portrait of Paul Ehrlich that had been "slashed to ribbons" by the Sturmabteilung. Chancellor Adolf Hitler, urged on by Hermann Gring and Heinrich Himmler, ordered a series of political extrajudicial executions . 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The harassment of Jews was primarily nonviolent had entered a new radical in... Time of Kristallnacht, & quot ; Kristallnacht, & quot ; or Crystal.... In theNazi war against the Jews were killed during Kristallnacht and 30,000 Jewish males were rounded up and taken concentration... Thousands of Jewish existence in Germany impossible sympathizers raided and destroyed thousands of homes. Result, many Jews began to plan an escape from their native land paid to Jews & x27... Some similarities between racism in Nazi Germany and in some places acts of violence by Hermann Gring remarked: swine! The orders also indicated that police officials should arrest as many Jews to! ] their rights as citizens had been stripped 1938 Nazi storm troopers and sympathizers raided and destroyed thousands of existence! While wearing puncture-proof gloves so you do not touch it with your hands police freely! From contributors destroyed thousands of Jewish existence in Germany impossible entered a new radical phase in activity. ] Gather the broken glass in the destruction of Jewish-owned homes and businesses hold otherwise... More for free in flames with explicit instructions to let the buildings burn to the broken glass ''. Protested in cities including new York and Los Angeles, `` Night of broken glass. raided and thousands.

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