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Sign up to highlight and take notes. Per Wreckwatch, the kingdomwas rich in gold, which it used strategically to build relationships with China and other regional powers. This map shows the extent of Srivijaya around the eighth century. (Image credit: Rio Helmi/LightRocket via Getty Images). This seaborne trade, regarded in China as tributary trade with the emperors barbarian vassals, had developed during the 5th and 6th centuries but languished in the second half of the 6th century as a result of the civil war in China that preceded the rise of the Sui and Tang dynasties. The political history of Southeast Asia most closely parallels that of which region? The language and style of this inscription, incorporating Indian Tantric conceptions, make it clear that the ruler was presenting himself as a bodhisattvaone who was to become a buddha himselfteaching the several stages toward supreme enlightenment. WebBack. Who was primarily responsible for the introduction of Islam into the Swahili world? Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. To understand the nature of the Srivijayan Empire, one must understand two political concepts. With the decline of the tributary trade with China, a number of harbours in the region became centres of international trade. Tantric Buddhism came into prominence in India only in the 7th century, and the synchronism of its appearance in Palembang reflects not only the regularity of shipping contacts between Sumatra and India but, more important, the Malays quick perception of Tantrism as a source of personal spiritual power. The term Indonesian was adopted in the beginning of the 20th century, as Indonesian became the national language of Indonesia. StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. What statement is justified about European ideas of people from the East based on this image? | Fig. What do the structures at Cahokia suggest about early Mississippi culture? Its 100% free. "We're starting at ground zero," Kingsley told Live Science. What empire weakened Srivijaya with their attacks in the eleventh century? As illustrated by the militancy of the ruler in the Old Malay inscriptions, however, the rulers of Palembang, hoping for a revival of trade under the new Tang dynasty, were eager to monopolize the China trade and eliminate their rivals. When the Srivijaya Empire exacted too heavy taxes, other Indonesian kingdoms with more lenient rates became more popular with traders and thusly more powerful. How could such a wealthy civilization vanish with nary a trace? Perhaps Indonesia was the most fascinating of the territories involved in the Indian Ocean Trade. (Much of the system would change after the Portuguese discovered a sea route to the Indian Ocean in the late 15th century). Privacy Statement Hereditary kings who ruled the empire sat at the top. From its founding, Srivijaya expanded off of the island of Sumatra onto neighboring lands such as Java before itself becoming a vassal of the Chinese. Southern Indian traders, adventurers, teachers and priests continued to be the dominating influences in Southeast Asia until about 1500 CE. It was a seaborne empire and played an important role in the expansion of document.getElementById('cloak4995').innerHTML += '' +addy4995+'<\/a>'; Best study tips and tricks for your exams. Its actually real.. "I think the looting is probably still in progress," Miksic wrote in an email to Live Science. Swahili cities primarily accumulated goods from the interior and traded them for the goods of the Indian Ocean world. Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. Its possible that the islands volcanoes covered them. Why was it more likely for non-luxury goods like spices, cotton, and pepper to be transported along the Sea Roads instead of the Silk Roads? (No one is sure how many of those saved artifacts are still in the country, Kingsley said.). Srivijaya also financed Buddhist temples and monasteries in India, China and Java. Srivijaya also financed Buddhist temples and monasteries in India, China and Java. Nelder used the Poisson regression to study the ship dataset. The empire developed power by extracting allegiences from other nearby lands. Elite members of society were well-respected and honored. Srivijaya was a cosmopolitan center. Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen. impact religions like Buddhism and Christianity? Outside Indonesia, Indonesian is spoken in the Netherlands, Phillipines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, and the US. Its own records, in the form of inscriptions in Old Malay (Malay language written in an Indian-based script), are limited almost entirely to the second half of the 7th century. "The river is broad (1 km [0.6 miles] wide) in Palembang. Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. John Warbarton-Lee / Getty Images. The Indian Ocean Trade supported the transfer of cotton, wood, ivory, animal hides, gold, silver, black pepper, and other spices, books, weapons, and enslaved people. On the contrary, the Malay as spoken in the Indonesian court remained more or less unaltered. The Jakartan dialect has been influenced to some extent by Javanese and Sundanese, other two major languages of Indonesia. Add and subtract: $442.87+$281.10+$15.42$250\$ 442.87+\$ 281.10+\$ 15.42-\$ 250$442.87+$281.10+$15.42$250. In the 15th century Indonesia adopted Islamic faith, and has been predominantly Islamic until the present day. I-ching recommended Palembang, with more than a thousand monks, as an excellent centre at which to begin studying Buddhist texts. A piece of Romano-Indian rouletted ware, attributable to the early centuries ce, has been discovered in Palembang near the river; the same ware has been found in Java near Jakarta. The Srivijaya Empire, which controlled much of the Malay Archipelago in the Indian Ocean from the seventh to twelfth centuries, is a perfect example of this cultural blending. The narrow channel was enforced by multiple city-states, each seeking tribute for passing through their waters. NASA warns of 3 skyscraper-sized asteroids headed toward Earth this week. Seemingly, anyone within 100 miles of the Indian Ocean and Pacific coastline could reasonably expect a timely shipment of the finest silk from China or a bushel of cotton from India, much like how we anxiously await a package ordered on the Internet today. Best study tips and tricks for your exams. Which statement best describes Islam in West Africa before the nineteenth century? Which tradition of Buddhism predominated in China? What contributed to the establishment of an Islamic trading zone? WebChoose 1 answer: make efficient business transactions. Everything you need for your studies in one place. The Srivijaya was a Malaysian seaborne Empire, which exercised considerable control over Southeast Asia during the 7 th to 12 th centuries. Summer monsoon, winds flow Northeast; Winer monsoon, winds flow Southwest. (Some of the rulers adversaries also dispensed yantras, however.) Large states on both ends of the Silk Roads provided security for merchants. The 2019 Australian report focuses on the ceramics collection of an Australian couple, Darrell John Kitchener and Heny Kustiarsih. The cumulative probability distribution of X. A look at the long history of Asian Americans and its role in shaping American identity. Men are generally expected to be strong, aggressive, and bold. Which crop was widely circulated throughout the Islamic world? The Indian Ocean Trade was a system of trade in the Indian Ocean and Pacific territories that flourished from 1200 to 1450 C.E. //--> A. make efficient business transactions. The Srivijayan empire had a mandala form of government, An empire that holds land separated by water. That means that even as artifacts resurface, finally pointing to the location of Srivijaya, there is hardly any physical evidence of what daily life was like there, said Sean Kingsley, a marine archaeologist and editor of Wreckwatch magazine (opens in new tab), where he recently wrote about the lost Isle of Gold. Have all your study materials in one place. The subsequent power of the higher-ranking rulersthe maharajasof Srivijaya depended on their alliance with those who possessed warships. Where was gold primarily mined in West Africa? (Image credit: Courtesy of Wreckwatch Magazine). \end{array} But in the absence of a systematic academic or government effort to protect the site, some artifacts were bought up by dedicated collectors who attempted to keep them together. During what period did the Indian Ocean Trade reach its Medieval Era height? It was around 1025 that Srivijaya began to decline under assault from the nearby Chola empire. Women were demonized. Which characteristic of West African states made them strong, powerful, and less vulnerable to attack? Beneath them were the military and traders for which the empire was well known. Sometimes referred to as the "Maritime Silk Road," the Indian Ocean Trade can be best defined as a global trade system (an interconnected network of many trade routes) based primarily in the Indian Ocean. The Bangka Strait and the offshore islands at the southern entrance of the Strait of Malacca would have been essential to their maritime power. Court Malay is considered classical Malay and is the language in which the large corpus of medieval Malay literature was written. Their role cannot be defined in a clear-cut manner as what happens in modern society. Srivijaya indeed became a pilgrimage destination for many Buddhists during its existence. Which of the following allowed for the rise and fall of the Srivijaya Empire? It dominated the critical choke point of Indian Ocean trade for over three centuries. The Chola soon controlled the waters, and pirates harassed what Srivijayan trade remained. In the last five years, extraordinary stuff has been coming up, British maritime archaeologist Sean Kingsley, who reported on the discoveries in the autumn issue of Wreckwatch magazine, tells the Guardians Dalya Alberge. of the users don't pass the Indian Ocean Trade quiz! People dont know what clothes the people of Srivijaya wore, what their tastes were, what kind of ceramics they liked to eat off, nothing. Most of Srijivaya's structures would thus have rotted within a few generations, Kingsley said, leaving behind perhaps a few posts and stumps. How did the geography of West and North Africa stimulate trade in the first millennium B.C.E.? (Source:Language Materials Project http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=89&menu=004), Asia Society According to the 2000 census there are 46,698 Indonesian speakers in the United States. Quiz. The archipelago: its prehistory and early historical records, The arrival of Hindu religious conceptions, Growth and impact of the Dutch East India Company, The French and the British in Java, 180615, Indonesia from the coup to the end of the New Order, Economic crisis, public unrest, and the fall of Suharto, Which Country Is Larger By Population? This water-world style of architecture is still seen on some rivers in Southeast Asia today. Hegemony had passed, for unknown reasons, to the neighbouring Most of the company's transactions are summarized in a cash journal; non -cash transactions are recorded, Question 2 In their book Generalized Linear Models (New York: Chapman & Hall, 1983), the authors P. McCullagh and J.A. From non-Islamic stateless societies to their south. Why or why not. With an estimated 1,000 enslaved Africans reportedly purchased and transferred throughout the Indian Ocean from the period 800 C.E. India's central position in the Indian Ocean trade made India very profitable during the Indian Ocean trade, as well. WebSrivijaya Empire Khmer Empire Rajput Kingdoms Geographic Location and Dates they maintained power Social Social classes & social hierarchy Who has power in society? Advertising Notice B. attack other states trying to The Javanese civilization of Singhasari and its successor Majapahit took over Srivijaya. It derives its title from the Sanskrit word Sri, denoting fortune or prosperity and Vijaya, denoting victory and triumph. In which century did the imperial government move to suppress Buddhism in China? The standard dialect of Indonesia is that of the capital, Jakarta (island of Java). The beginning of the 20th century marked the beginning of a new era for the Indonesian language. The kingdom of Sigapura was fromed as the royal family fleed the takeover of Palembang. "It's like walking into a museum wing, and it's completely empty. Malayu-Jambi never had the opportunity to build up naval resources as Srivijaya-Palembang had done, and in the 13th century a Javanese prince took advantage of the power vacuum. Such structures would have rotted away long ago. Technological innovations in the magnetic compass and lateen sails further supported the post-1000 C.E. \text { April } & 127,355 \\ Papermaking technology spread, allowing people to write down their stories. The combination of religious knowledge and trade made Srivijaya an attractive destination for foreigners. The kingdom originated But Buddhism was not just a background part of their culture, which was central to it. Divers probing the muddy river bottom have hauled up hundreds of figurines, temple bells, tools, mirrors, coins and ceramics. What was the governmental system of Srivijaya? Indonesia is the most populous nation of Southeast Asia (the fourth largest population in the world) and the most populous Muslim majority nation in the world. Islamic merchants from the Middle East dominated the Indian Ocean trade. 985. Cookie Policy She was previously a senior writer for Live Science but is now a freelancer based in Denver, Colorado, and regularly contributes to Scientific American and The Monitor, the monthlymagazine of the American Psychological Association. Early Malay history is then, to an important extent, the history of a Sino-Malay alliance. The maharajas benefited from the China trade, while the emperors could permit themselves the conceit that the maharajas were reliable imperial agents. Archaeological evidence of the Srivijaya Empire is limited, but recent finds made along the Musi River may shed light on the mysterious civilization. When did Islam spread from urban centers into rural areas in West Africa? Varied environments, from desert to savannah to tropical forest, created different trade products. Sailors married natives of other countries. Srivijaya, which was ruled by a king, controlled the Straits of Malacca between the mid-600s and 1025, when war with the Indian Chola dynasty broke the city's power. The penalty for disloyalty was death, but those who obeyed the ruler were promised eternal bliss. This meant that a powerful city-state or kingdom did not directly rule over its entire empire but that smaller surrounding city-states were its vassals. At first most slaves were women, but male One of the most remarkable maritime travelers, a 14th-15th century C.E. It borders Thailand, Timor-Leste and Papua New Guinea. The American state department sees Indonesian prosperity and security as central to maintaining security in Southeast Asia. This essay looks at Islam's influence on the arts of Southeast Asia. Will you pass the quiz? Destructive 'Super Pigs' From Canada Threaten the Northern U.S. Did an Ancient Magnetic Field Reversal Cause Chaos for Life on Earth 42,000 Years Ago? Etre un lieu d'accueil, de dialogue et de rencontres entre les diverses composantes de la socit tchadienne. attack other states trying to grab power. Asia Society takes no institutional position on policy issues and has no affiliation with any government. WebGender roles in society means how were expected to act, speak, dress, groom, and conduct ourselves based upon our assigned sex. Indeed, the Indian Ocean slave trade was active long before the Atlantic slave trade began. 2- Early 16th-century European map of the Indian Ocean. This control of islands and peninsulas separated by water made the empire a thalassocracy and a central hub for trade. As previously mentioned, it was the consistently predictable Indian Ocean monsoon winds that made travel and commerce so effective in the Indian Ocean throughout all of history. Rather, merchants were often organized and protected under various merchant guilds. How did the Srivijaya empire develop and maintain power? What is another term commonly used for the Indian Ocean Trade? Taxation was not uncommon, but without rampant piracy in the Indian Ocean, traders did not need policing imperial navies to regulate their every move. These allegiances may or may not continue through leadership changes. The signs that the Musi River might hold the secrets of Srivijaya first emerged in 2011, when construction workers began to dredge sand from the Musi for large construction projects. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. Today, almost no traces are left of the glory days of Srivijaya, save the glittering artifacts that divers have pulled from the river. The Srivijayan empire was weakened, beset by piracy, and eventually was taken over. From 1200-1450 CE, which religion was NOT a major player in Indian Ocean Trade? Surrounding vassal states paid tribute in gold and military support but also received protection and the economic benefits of belonging to the Srivijayan trading empire. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. The Swahili political system most closely resembles that of. In response to the backlash, the government kept about 10% of the artifacts and issued a moratorium on underwater archaeology in 2010. The nature of commerce and competitive trade allowed for the rise of the. Create beautiful notes faster than ever before. Silver and gold coins from the empire were stamped with a sandalwood flower and the word glory in Sanskrit, writes Sian Boyle for the Daily Mail. What aspect of Chaco Canyon has prompted debate among scholars and historians? These early texts (stone inscriptions) were written in the ancient Pallavi script, which evolved out of southern varieties of Indian Brahmi script. Commerce was valued in Islamic culture and the laws that regulated commerce were featured prominently in sharia, all of which created a framework for exchange. The Srivijaya Empire was a Indonesian Hindu empire based on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia, which influenced much of Southeast Asia. (This late-Medieval period is the focus of this article.). By the 13th century, fortunes had reversed entirely, and Srivijaya was now ruled from Java, which had once been its vassal. Visit our corporate site (opens in new tab). There are about 35,000,000 first language speakers of Indonesian, and about over 150,000,000 second language speakers. According to their website, the following table lists the total vehicles that entered the park each month from the beginning of April to the end of September in 2015. Large numbers of these artifacts then showed up on the antiquities market. \text { August } & 175,000 \\ education@asiasociety.org. Over 10 million students from across the world are already learning smarter. Indonesian is the official language of Indonesia. \begin{array}{l|c} People increasingly traced their descent through their fathers rather than their mothers. Indian Ocean Trade continued well after 1450, though Europeans would soon dominate maritime trade for much of the following Early Modern Era. The timeline below offers a brief overview of trade within the Indian Ocean: Roughly 2000 BC: Austronesian peoples expand from Taiwan, settling throughout Indonesia and the Indian Ocean. Attempts at bringing along Buddhism on their trading missions were more complex. Surface remains of more than a thousand shards of Chinese ceramics, many of which are datable from the 8th to the 10th century, have been recovered from several sites. During the eighth century C.E., which empires created an almost continuous belt across Eurasia, facilitating trade along the Silk Roads? Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism all spread on the Indian Ocean Trade route. The pronunciation of Jakarta was chosen as the standard Indonesian pronunciation. How did Chinese Buddhists percieve Srivijaya? The period when the inscriptions were written was an agitated one. This amateur method often caused damage to more fragile artifacts, such as porcelain, wrote John Miksic, a professor of Southeast Asian studies at the National University of Singapore, in a paper presented in 2012 at the conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archeologists (opens in new tab). It resurged again in the Medieval Era, especially at the end of the era from 1200 to 1450 CE. He was a Muslim. The earliest texts, written in an archaic form of Malay, date back to the 7th century AD. Learn more. Create and find flashcards in record time. The inscriptions reveal that the ruler was served by a hierarchy of officials and that he possessed wealth. Silver and gold coins from the empire were stamped with a sandalwood flower and These technologies allowed for more efficient use of domesticated animals as transportation. Which empire briefly encompassed the entire route of the Silk Roads in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries? Shards found on nearby Seguntang Hill (Bukit Seguntang), on the other hand, span all these centuries. She has written for JSTOR Daily, the Daily Beast, the Boston Globe, HuffPostand Vice, among others. Sexual intercourse became a sin. WebThe social structure of the Srivijaya Empire was rigid. Men in the Khmer Empire acted as artisans, rulers, and soldiers. Explain your reasoning and thoughts in complete, Cutting Edge Co. is engaged in a small export business. Chaco turquoise traded for Mesoamerican copper bells. boom in the Indian Ocean trade. WebThere were assigned roles for men and women, but theoretically both men and women could attain leadership roles and advance as workers and in the party. It's also possible that a geological event, perhaps related to Sumatra's volcanic activity, could have buried the site of Srivijaya, Kingsley said. var prefix = 'ma' + 'il' + 'to'; These titles are mentioned: rjaputra (princes, lit: sons of king), kumrmtya (ministers), bhpati (regional rulers), senpati (generals), nyaka (local community leaders), pratyaya (nobles), hji pratyaya (lesser kings), dandanayaka (judges), tuh an vatak (workers inspectors), vuruh (workers), addhyksi njavarna Its 100% free. A Mandala is a system of government where power is defined by its center rather than its borders. C. I wanted to understand how and when Its like walking into a museum wing, and its completely empty. New York, Between 2011 and 2015, a huge number of artifacts likely dating to Srivijaya's heyday appeared on the antiquities market in Jakarta, according to the 2019 Australian report. document.getElementById('cloak4995').innerHTML = ''; The mapmakers had not carried out extensive surveys of areas beyond Korea and China. Through the Indian Ocean Trade, it became pretty evident in the Eastern Hemisphere that it was not the power of nobles and kings who controlled the world's future but brave sailors and enterprising merchants. The Indian Ocean Trade peaked at various levels throughout history. Showing influences of Vajrayana, or Tantric Buddhism, they deal largely with yantras, symbols to aid magical power that were distributed by the ruler as favours to faithful servants. The Malay kingdom of Srivijaya dominated the Straits of Malacca, the critical choke point of Indian Ocean trade, in the period 670-1025 C.E. Which pairing of monsoon winds and cardinal directions is correct? This contributed to the amorphous nature of mandala territories. By the sixth century C.E., silk production spread beyond China to several other states, and the supply of silk increased. Create and find flashcards in record time. Srivijaya was vere open to social mobility. The maharajas offered their loyal subjects wealth, posts of honour, andaccording to the inscriptionssupernatural rewards. The Maharajahs of Srivijaya controlled the Malay polity and Hindu-Buddhist trading empire known as Srivijaya, whose name means shining victory. Cette adresse e-mail est protge contre les robots spammeurs. These treasures all point to one thing: Scientists have located the lost city of Srivijaya, once a wealthy and powerful port along the ocean trade route between East and West. The kingdom of Srivijaya began in Palembang, a city located on the Musi River on the island of Sumatra. The last Srivijayan prince, Parameswara, attempted to regain control of trade in the region in the 1390s, but he was soundly defeated by forces from the nearby kingdom of Java; afterward, Srivijaya and its surroundings became a haven for Chinese pirates. Religions were spreading throughout Asia, merging in distant and alien lands. Islamic Influence on Southeast Asian Visual Arts, Literature, and Performance, Asia Society Museum: The Asia Arts & Museum Network, http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=89&menu=004. By Kallie Szczepanski, About.com GuideAmong the great maritime trading empires of history, the Kingdom of Srivijaya, based on the Indonesian island of Sumatra, ranks among the wealthiest and most splendid. The archaeologist adds that its possible the government or a wealthy benefactor will purchase Srivijaya artifacts for preservation and study before theyre all acquired by private collectors. Why was Srivijaya important to world history? Indian Ocean Trade was the most effective system connecting Asia's distant fringes. This civilization was very close to social mobility. Houses are constructed on rafts and lashed together into a kind of floating city. Have all your study materials in one place. Local divers exploring Indonesias Musi River have found gold rings, beads and other artifacts that may be linked to the Srivijaya Empire, which controlled sea trade across large swaths of Asia between the 7th and 11th centuries C.E. Unfortunately, the moratorium hasn't protected the Musi River artifacts, Kingsley said. Regional cultures, politics, religions, and entire histories were exchanged through the Indian Ocean Trade. Al Mouna aide chacun tre fier de sa culture particulire. During the 10th century, Srivijaya's ruler paid to have Buddhist temples built in China and India, according to a 2006 report (opens in new tab) by French archaeologist Pierre-Yves Manguin. Sign up to highlight and take notes. A. make efficient business transactions. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. The word for curse in the inscriptions is Malay, and it is reasonable to suppose that the Malays grafted Tantric techniques onto indigenous magical procedures. In 2007 the United States has imported $14,301 million in goods from Indonesia, an increase of 213% since 1985. However, the Indian Ocean Trade did not stop at sea, as many coastal cities traded with inland cities, kingdoms, and city-states. Srivijaya, also known as Sri Vijaya or Sriwijaya, was a Buddhist empire in Indonesia. Learn why. "This is the last great lost civilization that no one's heard about," Kingsley said. They levied taxes on merchants and traders who utilized the trans-Saharan routes. NY 10036. What happened as a result of this increased supply of silk? At first most slaves were women, but male slaves were increasingly employed for heavy labor. WebChoose 1 answer: make efficient business transactions. The prestige that was accorded the sacred Seguntang Hill, a site visited by those in search of spiritual power, probably also reflects the vitality of Malay religion; it is unlikely that the site would have become such a spiritual centre merely as a result of traffic in Tantric conceptions during the 7th century. What was the Srivijayan social structure (ex. gender roles, social classes and hierarchy, family and kinship, etc)? Society was headed by a king, followed by nobles, aristocrats, merchants, workers, artisans, and slaves. The social structure of the Srivijaya Empire was rigid. So underwater archaeology goes underground, and the black market thrives.". Which statement best describes West African slavery from 1100 through 1400 C.E.? Competition in controlling the Strait of Malacca. What was another name for the East African coast during the Indian Ocean Trade from 1200-1450? The 7th century Telaga Batu inscription, discovered in Sabokingking, Palembang, testifies to the complexity and stratified titles of the Srivijayan state officials. $$ Microfinance enables people to escape a cycle of poverty by giving them loans to start a trade or business and savings accounts to accrue interest. What historical truth may explain the misrepresentative European portrayal of peoples from the East, despite the massive investment in trading with them along the Silk Roads, as demonstrated in this image? 1450 to 1750 CE: The European Maritime Empires launched naval expeditions into the Indian Ocean, soon dominating the trade networks of the region. Livia Gershon is a daily correspondent for Smithsonian. Srivijaya fell for the same reasons that it rose in the first place. During the Victorian period men and womens roles became more sharply defined than at any time in history. As the trade of goods also led to the trade of ideas, it is no surprise that the intermediary trading empire of Srivijaya was Buddhist. Which of the following is a product of the Sahara? Why did orally-based cultural expressions decline as the Islamic world grew more influential? Much of the surviving information about Srivijayacomes in the form of fantastical accounts by travelers who describe sensationalized sights like man-eating snakes and multilingual parrots but offer few details about daily life. Learn about its religious diversity and history. Buddhism becoming grounded in a new place. WebThe influence of the civilization which existed on the Indian Subcontinent gradually became predominant among them, and it also became predominant among the peoples which lived on the Southeast Asian mainland. As an excellent centre at which to begin studying Buddhist texts was weakened, beset by,... 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