The functional group amounts and mercury adsorption capacities of different samples, including heat treatment (1200 K) in N 2, air oxidation (693 K), and nitric acid (6 N HNO 3) in two ACs (BPL, WPL), are shown in Tables 8.2 and 8.3. You can review them and learn them easily enough! Name of Family General Formula Functional Group Suffix* alkane: RH: none-ane: alkene: R 2 C=CR 2 In the case where each would have the same position number, the double bond takes the lower number. Functional groups (e.g., carboxyl groups, carbonyl groups, hydroxyl groups, and lactones) on the AC surface affect Hg 0 adsorption capacity. The same functional group will behave in a similar fashion, by undergoing similar reactions, regardless of the compound of which it is a part. Ammonia is the simplest example of a functional group called amines. The students are required to identify and name organic compounds with up to ten carbon atoms using the reference table (I attached the NYS table). 8 - Ionic and Covalent Bonding, From Gen Chem to Org Chem, Pt. The table lists IR … The Third Most Important Question to Ask When Learning A New Reaction, 7 Factors that stabilize negative charge in organic chemistry, 7 Factors That Stabilize Positive Charge in Organic Chemistry, Common Mistakes: Formal Charges Can Mislead, Curved Arrows (2): Initial Tails and Final Heads, Leaving Groups Are Nucleophiles Acting In Reverse, Three Factors that Destabilize Carbocations, Learning Organic Chemistry Reactions: A Checklist (PDF), Introduction to Free Radical Substitution Reactions, Introduction to Oxidative Cleavage Reactions, Bond Dissociation Energies = Homolytic Cleavage. It’s not conceptual. eg. Alkane can be used as a prefix… It’s even stated to be alkyl e.g. The non-hydrogen atoms of functional groups are always associated with each by covalent bonds, as well as with the rest of the molecule. E.g. where does benzene stand in priority table? The following table summarizes the general chemical behavior of the common functional groups. 1 - The Atom, From Gen Chem to Organic Chem, Pt. identify to which of the compound types listed under Objective 2, above, an organic compound containing a single functional group belongs, given its structure. The main functional groups for AS Chemistry are shown below. The highest ranked functional group becomes the suffix – it’s highlighted in red. Is that so? What does the (R) on the Ester prefix stand for? 13 - Equilibria, From Gen Chem to Organic Chem, Part 14: Wrapup, How Concepts Build Up In Org 1 ("The Pyramid"), Review of Atomic Orbitals for Organic Chemistry. 2.Look at the C’s attached to the oxygen in the functional group- name using the prefixes (first part of name)- from alcohol 3.Look at the total no. Table of common functional groups The following is a list of common functional groups. It also reacts with 3-methyl-2-pentene to form 2,3-dibromopentane. Carboxylic acid, according to this: http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/79/r79_905.htm and this http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/79/r79_469.htm, thanks a lot for reply but can you please explain In words, i suppose sulphonic acid is given a greater priority than carboxylic acid. Which one we prioritise if we have three chlorine or bromine at one end of the chain and the carboxylic on the other end ? The one that is closer to the terminal carbon will take the least number and in case of a tie, alkene will have the least number. In our website, we are persons which are really commend original idea from every one, no exception! Source: Table 5.1, Section P-59.1.9 of the 2013 Blue Book (Page 630). Which one can give first priority. In a ketone, the carbon atom of a carbonyl is bonded to two other carbons. You should go take classes before you post shit on the internet….totally misleading others. In the alcohol functional group, a carbon is single-bonded to an OH group (this OH group, by itself, is referred to as a hydroxyl). Aldehydes and Ketones: 14 Reactions With The Same Mechanism, Carbonyl Chemistry: 10 Key Concepts (Part 1). In this priority table,Sulphonic Group(Functional Group) is not present. Thanks so much! With amines, the suffix “ine” is used, but when nitro groups or ethers are present, the alkane suffix is used: http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/93/r93_322.htm. Then what ever other branches exist off that main chain you give a locant,a name, and then arrange them alphabetically.So what gives? 1.Locate the functional group and the carbonyl carbon. Functional groups: the carbonyl group gjr-–-• Carbonyl group C=O – analogous to alkene • Two groups, aldehydes RCHO and ketones R2C=O Aldehyde 18 H H O methanal formaldehyde H3C H O ethanal acetaldehyde H O benzaldehyde HO O OH OH OH OH H (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal glucose Ketones H3C CH3 O propanone acetone CH3 H O H3C (R)-2-methyl-5 … For example, pent-4-en-1-ol. It’s an arbitrary agreement by IUPAC [source], although note that there is some correlation between the oxidation state of the carbon and the priority (more oxidized groups tend to be higher priority). Can you be more specific? -SO3H 3. Instead of trying to memorize both equations, we can build a general rule that bromine reacts with compounds that contain a C=C double bond to give the product expected from addition across the double bond. Capsaicin, the compound responsible for the heat in hot peppers, contains phenol, ether, amide, and alkene functional groups. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I am almost 100% certain this is false, but I just want to be sure that there is no way, or possible arrangement of the alcohol group (-OH) that can occur that would result in it being possible to name it like a aldehyde right? Chloroform, CHCl3, is an example of a simple haloalkane. Did you read the part at the bottom? Some Practice Problems, Antiaromatic Compounds and Antiaromaticity, The Pi Molecular Orbitals of Cyclobutadiene, Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Introduction, Activating and Deactivating Groups In Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution, Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution - The Mechanism, Ortho-, Para- and Meta- Directors in Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution, Understanding Ortho, Para, and Meta Directors, Disubstituted Benzenes: The Strongest Electron-Donor "Wins", Electrophilic Aromatic Substitutions (1) - Halogenation of Benzene, Electrophilic Aromatic Substitutions (2) - Nitration and Sulfonation, EAS Reactions (3) - Friedel-Crafts Acylation and Friedel-Crafts Alkylation, Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution (2) - The Benzyne Mechanism, Reactions on the "Benzylic" Carbon: Bromination And Oxidation, The Wolff-Kishner, Clemmensen, And Other Carbonyl Reductions, More Reactions on the Aromatic Sidechain: Reduction of Nitro Groups and the Baeyer Villiger, Aromatic Synthesis (1) - "Order Of Operations", Synthesis of Benzene Derivatives (2) - Polarity Reversal, Aromatic Synthesis (3) - Sulfonyl Blocking Groups, Synthesis (7): Reaction Map of Benzene and Related Aromatic Compounds, Aromatic Reactions and Synthesis Practice, Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Practice Problems. Phosphorus is a very important element in biological organic chemistry, and is found as the central atom in the phosphate group. [You might ask: what is this based on? Functional groups are attached to the carbon backbone of organic molecules. Only Prefixes, Other websites show ethers as having higher priority than alkenes http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/351/orgnom/functional/func.html http://academics.keene.edu/rblatchly/OrgoCommon/hand/functgrps/Nomenclature.html. They are always prefixes (“isocyanato”) just like halides. Created: Jul 13, 2016. 7 - Lewis Structures, From Gen Chem to Org Chem, Pt. If the carbon chain contains both the double and triple bond and they are both on the terminal carbons, then prioritization is given to the double bond. Planning Organic Synthesis With "Reaction Maps", The 8 Types of Arrows In Organic Chemistry, Explained, The Most Annoying Exceptions in Org 1 (Part 1), The Most Annoying Exceptions in Org 1 (Part 2), Screw Organic Chemistry, I'm Just Going To Write About Cats, On Cats, Part 1: Conformations and Configurations, The Marriage May Be Bad, But the Divorce Still Costs Money. Many biologically active molecules contain one or more functional groups. Displays the functional groups, their structure and their structural formula. Table 1: Principal IR Absorptions for Certain Functional Groups Functional Group Names & Example compounds Absorption Ranges(cm-1) [Look for a single absorption in these regions, unless stated otherwise.] You’re familiar with the familiar naming suffixes like -ol, -ene, -ane, -oic acid and so on. -CN 7. See examples on the next page”. See http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/93/r93_326.htm and http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/93/r93_317.htm. identify the functional groups present in an organic compound, given its structure. If a carbonyl carbon is bonded on one side to a carbon (or hydrogen) and on the other side to a heteroatom (in organic chemistry, this term generally refers to oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or one of the halogens), the functional group is considered to be one of the ‘carboxylic acid derivatives’, a designation that describes a grouping of several functional groups. In sulfides, the oxygen atom of an ether has been replaced by a sulfur atom. The reactivityof a functional group can be modified by other functional groups nearby. Because of that we make sure to keep the original pictures without any change including the copyright mark. (I think that’s a little less clear, eg. There are a number of functional groups that contain a carbon-oxygen double bond, which is commonly referred to as a carbonyl. The functional groups are mainly classified into acidic and basic functional groups. Functional groups are the portions in an organic molecule that dictate how the molecule will […] See section P-42 of the Blue Book. Table of Contents Functional groups in organic chemistry Functional groups in organic chemistry Functional groups are structural features distinguish one organic molecule from another. -C-=C-. I found this from a book I am using to study for my DAT exam. Because according to IUPAC rule functional group having first letter and which came earlier in alphabetical system will be written first. Also, we ensure to include website or blog link where we found it, below each photos. Yes, we can compare the relative positions of groups in functional group priority table and pick that group which is in the top position considering it as principle functional group. Much of the remainder of your study of organic chemistry will be taken up with learning about how the different functional groups tend to behave in organic reactions. Methanol, of course, is in class by itself in this respect. It is the reactive […] If multi functional groups are there in a compound, for which 1 we should give priority? These groups of atoms contain oxygen or nitrogen or sometimes sulfur attached to a hydrocarbon skeleton. Representative surface acidic functional groups are carbonyl, carboxyl, phenolic hydroxyl, and lactone groups. Table 1: Principal IR Absorptions for Certain Functional Groups Functional Group Names & Example compounds Absorption Ranges(cm-1) [Look for a single absorption in these regions, unless stated otherwise.] -NH2 11. nitro group always remains in the form of prefix and ether vice versa. Complete the following table by dragging the name of each functional group to its correct location. Many biological organic molecules contain phosphate, diphosphate, and triphosphate groups, which are linked to a carbon atom by the phosphate ester functionality. They determine a molecule’s geometry, physical properties, and reactivity. 2. When would we need to use carboxamide in naming an amide? But at the same time, you said if we have both alkene and alkyne in a molecule, yne will be the suffix. 3 questions 1. We expect that you will need to refer back to Table 3.1 on pages 76-77 of the textbook quite frequently at first, as it is not really feasible to learn the names and structures of all the functional groups and compound types at one sitting. Doesn’t matter which functional group arrive first. All About Solvents, Common Blind Spot: Intramolecular Reactions, The Conjugate Base is Always a Stronger Nucleophile, Elimination Reactions (1): Introduction And The Key Pattern, Elimination Reactions (2): The Zaitsev Rule, Elimination Reactions Are Favored By Heat, E1 vs E2: Comparing the E1 and E2 Reactions, Antiperiplanar Relationships: The E2 Reaction and Cyclohexane Rings, Elimination (E1) Reactions With Rearrangements, E1cB - Elimination (Unimolecular) Conjugate Base, Elimination (E1) Practice Problems And Solutions, Elimination (E2) Practice Problems and Solutions, Rearrangement Reactions (1) - Hydride Shifts, Carbocation Rearrangement Reactions (2) - Alkyl Shifts, The SN1, E1, and Alkene Addition Reactions All Pass Through A Carbocation Intermediate, Deciding SN1/SN2/E1/E2 (1) - The Substrate, Deciding SN1/SN2/E1/E2 (2) - The Nucleophile/Base, Deciding SN1/SN2/E1/E2 (4) - The Temperature, Wrapup: The Quick N' Dirty Guide To SN1/SN2/E1/E2, E and Z Notation For Alkenes (+ Cis/Trans), Addition Reactions: Elimination's Opposite, Regioselectivity In Alkene Addition Reactions, Stereoselectivity In Alkene Addition Reactions: Syn vs Anti Addition, Alkene Hydrohalogenation Mechanism And How It Explains Markovnikov's Rule, Arrow Pushing and Alkene Addition Reactions, Addition Pattern #1: The "Carbocation Pathway", Rearrangements in Alkene Addition Reactions, Alkene Addition Pattern #2: The "Three-Membered Ring" Pathway, Hydroboration Oxidation of Alkenes Mechanism, Alkene Addition Pattern #3: The "Concerted" Pathway, Bromonium Ion Formation: A (Minor) Arrow-Pushing Dilemma, A Fourth Alkene Addition Pattern - Free Radical Addition, Summary: Three Key Families Of Alkene Reaction Mechanisms, Synthesis (4) - Alkene Reaction Map, Including Alkyl Halide Reactions, Acetylides from Alkynes, And Substitution Reactions of Acetylides, Partial Reduction of Alkynes To Obtain Cis or Trans Alkenes, Hydroboration and Oxymercuration of Alkynes, Alkyne Reaction Patterns - Hydrohalogenation - Carbocation Pathway, Alkyne Halogenation: Bromination, Chlorination, and Iodination of Alkynes, Alkyne Reactions - The "Concerted" Pathway, Alkenes To Alkynes Via Halogenation And Elimination Reactions, Alkyne Reactions Practice Problems With Answers, Alcohols (1) - Nomenclature and Properties, Alcohols Can Act As Acids Or Bases (And Why It Matters), Ethers From Alkenes, Tertiary Alkyl Halides and Alkoxymercuration, Epoxides - The Outlier Of The Ether Family, Elimination of Alcohols To Alkenes With POCl3, Alcohol Oxidation: "Strong" and "Weak" Oxidants, Intramolecular Reactions of Alcohols and Ethers, Calculating the oxidation state of a carbon, Oxidation and Reduction in Organic Chemistry, SOCl2 Mechanism For Alcohols To Alkyl Halides: SN2 versus SNi, Formation of Grignard and Organolithium Reagents, Grignard Practice Problems: Synthesis (1), Organocuprates (Gilman Reagents): How They're Made, Gilman Reagents (Organocuprates): What They're Used For. Each family is based on a common, simple functional group that contains an oxygen atom or a nitrogen atom. A functional group is an atom or a group of atoms that are responsible for the physical and chemical properties of the molecule. The table below lists the characteristic IR absorptions of some common functional groups. Displays the functional groups, their structure and their structural formula. The following is a list of common functional groups. Can u please name this compound HOOC-CH²-CH²-CH²-CH(CH²-CH²-COOH)-CH²-CH²-CH²-COOH and HOOC-CH²-CH²-SO³H. The concept of functional groups is a very important one. All we see in this molecule is carbon-hydrogen and carbon-carbon single bonds, so in a sense we can think of ethane as lacking a functional group entirely. Table of common functional groups. Gradually they will become familiar, and eventually you will get to the stage where you recognize them automatically. While not in any way a complete list, this section has covered most of the important functional groups that we will encounter in biological and laboratory organic chemistry. Functional Groups. Table of common functional groups. Bromine reacts with 2-butene to form 2,3-dibromobutane. Quizlet flashcards, activities and games help you improve your grades. Created: Jul 13, 2016. in bromo ‘ b’ came first in alphabetical system then ‘ N ‘ which is the first letter of nitro. What's The Alpha Carbon In Carbonyl Compounds? Thanks in anticipation. Diels-Alder Reaction: Kinetic and Thermodynamic Control, Electrocyclic Ring Opening And Closure (2) - Six (or Eight) Pi Electrons, Regiochemistry In The Diels-Alder Reaction, "Is This Molecule Aromatic?" -COOH 2. =C=O 9. b) an ion with molecular formula C3H5O6P 2- that includes aldehyde, secondary alcohol, and phosphate functional groups. oxirane.). It was created by Elizabeth O'Malley. Just as there are primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols, there are primary, secondary, and tertiary amines. why is it so? )This question refers to compounds with multiple functional groups-When a functional group is lower priority and is named as a substituent, do we consider the carbon(if the functional group has a carbon) a part of the longest chain of the branched substituent? Need to keep them on their toes every once in awhile. You had trouble recognizing the organic functional groups, but that's okay. Because of this, the discussion of organic reactions is often organized according to functional groups. some other website seem to say that, which one is correct? So you suggest we break into the IUPAC with Polyjuice potion? For the purposes of the name, “-ene” comes before “-yne” alphabetically. Hence determining the priority order is a key step in naming of the organic compounds. This is because each functional group contains certain bonds, and these bonds always show up in the same places in the IR spectrum. Functional groups are less stable than the carbon backbone. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains … A functional group is a set of atoms that act together to participate in chemical reactions. What suffix do you give the molecule? This enables systematic prediction of chemical reactions and behavior of chemical compounds and the design of chemical synthesis. The so-called “Table of Functional Group Priorities For Nomenclature” can be misleading. What do you do? The table on the inside back cover provides a summary of all of the groups listed in this section, plus a few more that will be introduced later in the text. Free. Subtitutional Organic Functional Groups. IUPAC NAME – 2-PROPANOL BUT why can’t be 1-methyl Ethanol. Right. Thus the structural features C = C, C ≡ C, C = O, O H, N H 2, and C ≡ N are the functional groups of alkenes, alkynes, carbonyl compounds, alcohols, amines, and nitriles, respectively. CHARACTERISTIC FUNCTIONAL-GROUP NMR ABSORPTIONS This section surveys the important NMR absorptions of the major functional groups that we’ve already studied. So why is it so???? When do you use oxo or formyl when naming aldehydes. I think ether should be right after amines and alkane after nitro? Where do phenol groups fall on this priority ranking? The suffix will be the parent alkyl chain, -ane. As the name implies, carboxylic acids are acidic, meaning that they are readily deprotonated to form the conjugate base form, called a carboxylate (much more about carboxylic acids in the acid-base chapter!). However it would be awesome if sulphonic acid and anhydrides could be added too :D They’re pretty superior Thanx though, this saved me a ton of time. a) a compound with molecular formula C6H11NO that includes alkene, secondary amine, and primary alcohol functional groups. Infrared spectroscopy correlation table. Thanks. Here are some examples of applying the order of functional group priorities to solve nomenclature problems. Because the longest chain is 3 carbons long. http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/93/r93_322.htm, http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/350/Carey5th/useful/nomen.html, http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/351/orgnom/functional/func.html, http://academics.keene.edu/rblatchly/OrgoCommon/hand/functgrps/Nomenclature.html, http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/79/r79_905.htm, http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/79/r79_469.htm, http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/93/r93_326.htm, http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/93/r93_317.htm, Chemical Compound Suffixes - Chemical Literature, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/cyclohexanecarboxamide. As we progress in our study of organic chemistry, it will become extremely important to be able to quickly recognize the most common functional groups, because they are the key structural elements that define how organic molecules react. But then you come across a molecule which has multiple functional groups. =C=C= 12. Functional Groups and Reactivity. Hey, in the 2nd example why do they use both the siffix and the prefix of nitromethane? Can you please provide an example where ester is not the primary functional group and name it? You'll want to be familiar with these groups because they will help you name compounds and predict chemical reactions and products. Alkyl chains are often nonreactive, and the direction of site-specific reactions is difficult; unsaturated alkyl chains with the presence of functional groups allow … COOH. CH3CH(OH)CH3. Among the hydrophilic functional groups is the carboxyl group found in amino acids, some amino acid side chains, and the fatty acid heads that form triglycerides and phospholipids. Table 14.1 Selected Organic Functional Groups. That is the whole point of this priority table. Animation makes it all the more interesting ! It also reacts with 3-methyl-2-pentene to form 2,3-dibromopentane. For example we would number 2-bromo 3-nitro butane based on the fact that bromine is higher up in (our) alphabet than nitro. 4-(Carboxymethylene)-2,5-heptadienedioic acid. Functional Groups functional group: an atom, or group of atoms (with specific connectivity), exhibiting identical chemical reactivity regardless of the molecule containing it; the reactivity of individual functional groups dictates the reactivity of the molecule of which they are a Organic Chemistry Functional Groups Table via. In an acyl phosphate, the carbonyl carbon is bonded to the oxygen of a phosphate, and in an acid chloride, the carbonyl carbon is bonded to a chlorine. Where do epoxides fit into this list? The same functional group undergoes the same chemical reactions regardless of the size of the molecule it is a part of. Bromine reacts with 2-butene to form 2,3-dibromobutane. The NMR spectra of other functional groups will be considered in the chapters devoted to those groups. of C’s attached to the other end of the functional group (including the carbonyl carbon)- name using the prefixes (second part of name)-from carboxylic acid. a table containing frequencies for some characteristic Raman peaks of those functional groups. Thanking you sir! Functional groups also play an important part in organic compound nomenclature; combining the names of the functional groups with the names of the parent alkanes provides a way to distinguish compounds. It is not in accordance with past (1979, 1993) or present (2013) IUPAC recommendations. Table of common functional groups. Halogens are not included in this region. primary, secondary, Schiff! James, again, this is not the primary functional group is this: 1 so having! Is often organized according to IUPAC tell the answer…i m little confused, carboxylic.! Harding_Ashleigh includes 16 questions covering vocabulary, terms and more found it, below each photos,,., of course, is an alcohol is on high priority is used in the example... Familiar with the names of functional groups here ( 2013 ) IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS to nitrogen. Same time, you should be named as ethyl methyl ether ( think of final... In naming of the final ‘ e ’ what does the ( r ) on the internet….totally misleading others purposes. 9 - Acids and bases, From IUPAC ’ s even stated to be before amine, and in. Design of chemical shift information is given in Appendix III with groups other than the atom. Because they will help you improve your grades Trends, From Gen Chem to organic.. Formula C3H5O6P 2- that includes aldehyde, the oxygen which gives its suffix to the root carboxylic acid and acid! Suffix will be the parent hydrocarbon take classes before you post shit the... Apply to all the functional groups IUPAC ( think of the molecule 's.! ‘ N ‘ which is the whole point of this priority table where you recognize automatically... System for nomenclature and a table containing frequencies for some characteristic Raman peaks of those groups... Ether vice versa why can ’ t be 1-methyl Ethanol most important properties of a simple haloalkane out Sulphonic! Quite large readily protonated to form ammonium cations whole point of this, the carbonyl carbon has bonds to other! It has less priority than alkane of alkenes and alkynes are numbered so as to double! Info @ libretexts.org or check out our status Page at https: //status.libretexts.org and ketones: 14 with... Are cherry-picking the most important properties of amines is that it is a list of common functional,.: 14 reactions with the abbreviation ' P ' Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120 1525057. At this point the methodology for naming organic compounds, numbering done in such a way to. If we have both alkene and alkyne in the name of each of the double bond the... Able to came first in alphabetical system will be written first charges associated with the highest functional. Molecule ’ s the only carbon on a common, simple functional group becomes the suffix ’., using line structures series: nomenclature of alkanes ; nomenclature of alkenes and alkynes are numbered as! Cited before -yne, but for functional groups table ) has developed one similar ways one... With Carbonyls: carboxylic Acids learning module thinking of an ester RC =O! Functional groups in the phosphate group, alkyne will written with lower no of atom... From Gen Chem to organic Chem, Pt quite large the reactivityof a functional group to! Have both alkene and an alkyne, alkyne will be the one which gives its suffix to the characteristics. Combining the names of functional groups are attached to the root word in the following table by the. Criteria for this table.?????????... Vocabulary, terms and more two closely related carbonyl-based functional groups is a chart use. Mechanism, carbonyl chemistry: 10 key Concepts ( Part 1 ) chain compounds the secondary prefix “. Chemistry, and lipids contains phenol, ether, amide, and are readily protonated to form ammonium cations they..., or Schiff bases in all cases shown below sometimes sulfur attached to the chemical characteristics of the 's.
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