BOD of wastewater is estimated by measuring the amount of Members of the microbiota may also secrete protein toxins known as bacteriocins that are able to bind to specific receptors on the surface of susceptible bacteria. Mucus secretions also contain antimicrobial peptides. In addition, mucins facilitate removal of microbes from the surface of the eye. (d) Both (a) and (c) A microbial biocontrol agent that can be used to control butterfly caterpillars is (c) minimise the environmental hazards What are some possible causes of constriction and swelling of the airway? (d) all of these Biofertilisers are the living organisms which (c) lipase Chemicals in tears, such as defensins, lactoferrin, and lysozyme, help to prevent colonization by pathogens. Treatment with antibiotics can significantly deplete the normal microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract, providing an advantage for pathogenic bacteria to colonize and cause diarrheal infection. (b) Narmada Action Plan In the case of diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile, the infection can be severe and potentially lethal. (a) bring about soil nutrient enrichment In addition, the dead cells of the epidermis are frequently shed, along with any microbes that may be clinging to them (desquamation). A second, thicker layer, called the dermis, contains hair follicles, sweat glands, nerves, and blood vessels. (b) floe In the oral cavity, saliva contains mediators such as lactoperoxidase enzymes, and lysozyme, which can damage microbial cells. Answer: (b) less, more The primary treatment of wastewater involves the removal of Answer: Answer: (d) bio-insecticidal plants, Question 53. Many AMPs are found on the skin, but they can also be found in other regions of the body. (a) anaerobic digesters, Question 9. Table \(\PageIndex{3}\) provides a summary of the physical defenses discussed in this section. Our mission is to offer cutting-edge products backed by science that can help your body operate at its prime level, the way it was designed to. AMPs called bacteriocins are produced exogenously by certain members of the resident microbiota within the gastrointestinal tract. Invading microorganisms may attempt to break down these substances chemically, using enzymes such as proteases that can cause structural damage to create a point of entry for pathogens. (b) Azorhizobium Tears flow from the external eye to the nasal cavity by the lacrimal apparatus, which is composed of the structures involved in tear production (Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\)). The mechanical action of peristalsis, a series of muscular contractions in the digestive tract, moves the sloughed mucus and other material through the intestines, rectum, and anus, excreting the material in feces. What other defenses do each of the body sites have in common? (c) blood cholesterol lowering statins Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. (c) nematodes (b) chemotrophs (b) anaerobic breakdown of biomass Which of the following organisms is used in the production of beverages ? (b) ethanol Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\): This scanning electron micrograph shows ciliated and nonciliated epithelial cells from the human trachea. (d) used in civil construction (b) Prions, Question 17. The importance of the normal microbiota in host defenses is highlighted by the increased susceptibility to infectious diseases when the microbiota is disrupted or eliminated. (a) Trichoderma harzianum The topmost layer of skin, the epidermis, consists of cells that are packed with keratin. Which one of the following alcoholic drinks is produced without distillation ? The epithelial cells lining the urogenital tract, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and certain other tissues are known as endothelia. Disruption of the mucociliary escalator by the damaging effects of smoking or diseases such as cystic fibrosis can lead to increased colonization of bacteria in the lower respiratory tract and frequent infections, which highlights the importance of this physical barrier to host defenses. Which of the following steps is taken by the Ministry of Environment and Forests to protect rivers from water pollition ? (a) citric acid (c) oxygen evolution (c) Nostoc, Oscillatoria Oleic acid is an example of an exogenously produced mediator because it is produced by resident microbes and not directly by body cells. (a) reduce BOD Food consumed stays in the stomach for about an hour. The lacrimal gland, above the eye, secretes tears to keep the eye moist. Peritoneal fluid is a liquid that acts as a lubricant in the abdominal cavity. Unlike monogastrics such as swine and poultry, ruminants have a digestive system designed to ferment feedstuffs and provide precursors for energy for the animal to use. P. acnes is a gram-positive commensal bacterium that causes acne on the skin.P. (d) vitamin E Other important examples of mechanical defenses include the flushing action of urine and tears, which both serve to carry microbes away from the body. (c) synthetic fertilisers Wastewater treatment generates a large quantity of sludge, which can be treated by Answer: (d) both (b) and (c), Question 49. acnes releases lipase that produces fatty acids by digesting sebum, creating inflammation of the skin. Answer: (c) fertilisers obtained by decay of dead organisms Answer: (a) methane Answer: (c) Bradyrhizobium Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, watery liquid that flows around the brain and spinal cord, surrounding and protecting them. (c) viruses Like the respiratory tract, the digestive tract is a portal of entry through which microbes enter the body, and the mucous membranes lining the digestive tract provide a nonspecific physical barrier against ingested microbes. (b) N2 fixing cyanobacteria (d) Both (a) and (c), Question 45. These dead cells remain as a tightly connected, dense layer of protein-filled cell husks on the surface of the skin. Luckily, rose gardener’s disease is treatable. This keeps the cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds and bathes the brain and spinal cord sterile under normal conditions. Tight cell junctions in these tissues prevent microbes from passing through. Answer: Research has begun exploring how AMPs can be used in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. (c) bioremediation of contaminated soils (d) Aeration Fatty acids on the skin’s surface create a dry, salty, and acidic environment that inhibits the growth of some microbes and is highly resistant to breakdown by bacterial enzymes. Answer: Answer: Answer: In this … One strategy for treating C. difficile infections is fecal transplantation, which involves the transfer of fecal material from a donor (screened for potential pathogens) into the intestines of the recipient patient as a method of restoring the normal microbiota and combating C. difficile infections. Several Kampo medicines and their ingredients have been … Urine passing out of the body washes out transient microorganisms, preventing them from taking up residence. (b) narrow spectrum applications Answer: (a) green manures Answer: Process of biogas production is In addition, the microbiome provides a measure of physical protection against disease, as microbes of the normal microbiota compete with pathogens for nutrients and cellular binding sites necessary to cause infection. Under most conditions, fungi cannot produce skin infections in healthy individuals. Which of the following is widely used as a successful biofertiliser in Indian rice field ? (d) passive process The eyes also have physical barriers and mechanical mechanisms for preventing infections. This is known as competitive exclusion. (a) host specificity Azolla pinnata has been found to be an important biofertiliser for paddy crops. Further, it readily absorbs water and alcohol and digests some portions of carbohydrates. Adopted a LibreTexts for your class? 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