more importance to specific Hadith and Sunna literature, leaning towards those The historicists came to be known as Sunnis and their main opponents as Shites. [98] Finally, there were also scholars who regarded the Asharites alone as Sunnis. Ethics on the other hand, do not need prophecy or revelation, but can be understood by reason alone. It also stimulated the collecting and testing of hadiths for their unbroken traceability to Muhammad or a companion. [176] At-Tahw, on the other hand, was of the opinion that the vision of God was a reality for the inmates of Paradise. Abu l-Hasan al-Ashari used for his own group expressions like ahl as-sunna wa-l-istiqma (people of Sunna and Straightness), ahl as-sunna wa-l-ad (people of Sunnah and of the Hadith)[29] or ahl al-aqq wa-s-sunna[30] (people of truth and of the Sunnah). This paper separates fact and fiction. Is there a clear way to distinguish between Sunni and Shia? [160] The believer will answer to this test: "God is my Lord, Islam is my religion and Mohammed is my prophet." This has further resulted to The first conference with the title "Who are the Ahl al-Sunna wa al-jama?" [16] It was later popularized by pan-Islamic scholars such as Muhammad Rashid Rida in his treatise as-Sunna wa--ia au al-Wahhbya wa-r-Rfia: aqiq dnya tarya itimaya ilaya ("The Sunna and the Shia, Or Wahhabism and Rfidism: religious history, sociological und reformoriented facts) published in 192829. in Sunni Islam because it is the majority religion in many places; the state It is recorded by Masrq ibn al-Adschda (d. 683), who was a Mufti in Kufa, a need to love the first two caliphs Ab Bakr and Umar ibn al-Khab and acknowledge their priority (Fad'il). Subsequently, Hasan was poisoned to death and Muawiya enjoyed unchallenged power. sin (faultless) and are revered upon death. Many of these companions (Abu Bakr, Umar ibn Al Khattab, Aisha, etc.) For Sunni sunnism is the true Islam, for Shia shism is the true Islam. Be what you wanna be. There was no clearly accepted formula for determining succession in the Abbasid caliphate. 32b, Abs. Egypt, Kuwait, Sudan, Yemen, Pakistan, Indonesia, Turkey, Algeria, Morocco, Some scholars, such as the Commentators of Al-Azhar University, reject this approach, arguing the Qur'an is a text for religious guidance, not for science and scientific theories that may be disproved later; thus tafsir'ilmi might lead to interpreting Qur'anic passages as falsehoods. Only those "people of the Hadith" are assigned to Sunnism who practice tafw, i.e. [203] Many matters of belief and daily life were not directly prescribed in the Quran, but were actions observed by Muhammad and the early Muslim community. He believes that the Sunnis with their mosques, madrasas, palaces, factories and hospitals have achieved an unattainable position because none of the non-Sunnis have performed such services. In Shia Muslims, Imams are considered sinless/faultless as they are [163], Muhammad's prophethood is proven by miracles (muizt) such as the splitting of the moon. These new labels expressed and consolidated the social reorganization that had been under way since the beginning of the conquests. The tension in the Middle East, particularly between Saudi Arabia and Iran, and the long civil wars in Yemen and Syria have raised questions on the true nature of Islamic faith and its two main denominations Sunni and Shia. To understand St. Peter, one must first understand Christ and the Church Christ came to establish. The caliphate of this dynasty ended with the death of the Caliph al-Ma'mun in 833 CE, when the period of Turkish domination began. holy places (Pilgrimage sites) by the Sunni Muslims and they have a strong They are the two inspectors of the grave and their questioning is the first test ( fitna ) of humans after death. John Burton. After his release he emigrated to Egypt, where he produced his most famous work. It is more influenced by Persian interpretations of Islam and less on the traditions established within Arabian culture. Shia Muslims believe that the Imam is sinless by nature, and that his authority is infallible because it comes directly from God. Sunni-Shiite conflict has continued in the modern world, causing friction in relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia, in Pakistan and Yemen, and throughout the Middle East and South Asia. can be traced way back to 623 A.D, [177] Ibn Taimya doubles the vision of God: people see God while they are still in the places of the resurrection, and then after entering paradise. On the other hand, some Muslims believe that leadership should have stayed within the Prophet's own family, among those specifically appointed by him, or among Imams appointed by God Himself. Cite: "Sunni: Of or pertaining. [222], Apparently because of doubts about the Salafya affiliation with Sunniism, the "Standing Committee on Scientific Investigation and Fatwa Issuing" in Saudi Arabia issued a fatwa stating that they consider the Salafis as Sunnis. [81], In the 11th century, Sufism, which had previously been a less "codified" trend in Islamic piety, began to be "ordered and crystallized"[111] into Tariqahs (orders) which have continued until the present day. heritage. [128], God created everything, the years and times, day and night, light and darkness, the heavens and the earth, all kinds of creatures that are on it, the land and the sea, and everything living, dead and solid. He has designated some out of generosity (falan) for paradise, the others out of justice (adlan) for hell. By his time Islamic law was extensive but uncoordinated, reflecting differing local needs and tastes. [111] Contrary to popular Orientalist depictions,[112] neither the founders of these orders nor their followers considered themselves to be anything other than orthodox Sunni Muslims,[112] Many of the most eminent defenders of Islamic orthodoxy, such as 'Abd al-Qadir Jilani, Al-Ghazali, Sultan al ad-Dn Al-Ayyubi (Saladin) were connected with Sufism. AlTaqi, Hassan AlAskari, Ali AlNaqi, Ali AlRaza, Musa Alkaazim, Muhammad There were approximately 1.8 billion Muslims globally in 2017, making up around 25 per cent of the population. Sunni Muslims follow the many Hadith that are touches their prayer mat. [212], A well-known Hadith, which is to be interpreted as Vaticinium ex eventu, says that the Muslim Umma will split into 73 sects, only one of which will be saved. 2016, p. 46f. [213] The Sunnis have the idea that they are this saved sect (firqa n niya). Institute for Policy Analysis of Conflict: International Islamic Unity Conference (Iran), "Cologne rally: As many as 10,000 Muslims to protest Islamic extremism", Sue Hellett;U.S. should focus on sanctions against Iran, "Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population", Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide, "Fethullah Glen and Al-Ghazzali on Tolerance", "Scripturalist and Traditionalist Theology", al-Aira hum umhr ahl as-sunna wa-l-ama, 10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199739356.001.0001, "Gesetz Nr. Maslow (1943) stated that people are motivated to achieve certain needs. Later Sunni scholars also present the Sunnis as the center of Muslim community. [2][3][4] This contrasts with the Shia view, which holds that Muhammad appointed his son-in-law and cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor. Shia believe strongly on the five pillars of Islam but in addition, they have five more unique According to the beliefs of Sunni, there are four rightly guided around the world come from Sunni heritage. authenticated sayings of Prophet Muhammad to help interpret the Quran. [200] Therefore it is recommended to say: A believer, if God is willing or I hope that I am a Believer. 3. The Arabic language is a wide language in which one word can have 15 different meanings, so the Ash'aris endeavor to find the meaning that best befits God and is not contradicted by the Quran. Furthermore, Kharijite rebellions continued to occur regularly. Even if humans, jinn, angels and devils aligned to move or stop one atom, they could not succeed without God's will. The Andalusian scholar Ibn Hazm (d. 1064) said that Abu l-Hasan al-Ashar belonged to the Murji'a, namely those who were particularly far removed from the Sunnis in terms of faith. By the time of Hrn al-Rashd (ruled 786809), Europe had nothing to compare with Baghdad, not even the court of his contemporary Charlemagne (ruled 768814). There are many centers in Middle East that promote inter-faith dialogue, but Muslims really need the honest and serious intra-faith dialogue. Professor Sayed Hassan Akhlaq is involved in inter and intra-faith dialogue, comparative study, and dialogue among civilizations. Both Sunni and Shia Islam accept the Muslim Sunnis in the general sense are all Muslims who recognize the caliphate of the three caliphs (Ab Bakr, Umar ibn al-Khab and Uthmn ibn Affn). touches bare earth or a small clay block taken from a holy place. [153] Anyone who takes this teaching is regarded as an unbeliever. It is recorded that the disciple of Ahmad ibn Hanbal Harb ibn Ismail as Sirjdshani (d. 893) created a writing with the title as-Sunna wa-l-ama, to which the Mutazilite Abu l-Qasim al-Balchi wrote a refutation later. To be sure, there may need to be professional philosophers, who develop an elaborate set of methods and concepts (Sartre makes this point frequently) but life can be lived philosophically without a technical knowledge of philosophy. [98], The rivalry between Asharyya and Salafiyya became visible again at the two Sunni conferences in 2016, which were directed against the terror of the IS organization. While the caliphs were toying with theocratic notions of themselves as the shadow of God on earth, the students of legal knowledge were defining their rule as nomocratic, based only on the law they protected and enforced. The split stemmed from the disagreement over who succeeded Muhammad. Approximately 85% (1.5 billion) of Muslims referred to as. The demise of Ottoman caliphate also resulted in the emergence of Saudi Arabia, a dynastic absolute monarchy that championed the reformist doctrines of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab; the eponym of the Wahhabi movement. In terms of size, Shia Muslims are the minority Webe. follows four principle schools of thought, which include: Hanafi, the Maliki, the Shafii and the Hanbali whereas the Arabia and Iran are the two leading powers of the two sub-groups of Islam. Is there an unbridgeable gap? The main difference between Sunni and Shiite Muslims is their belief surrounding who should have succeeded the Prophet Muhammad in 632 AD. He is affiliated with Princeton University, Boston University, Catholic University of America, and George Washington University. They do not attempt to conceptualize the meanings of the Qur'an rationally, and believe that their realities should be consigned to God alone (tafwid). In its fatwa, the office rejected this accusation, affirming that the Asharites still represented the "multitude of scholars" (jumhr al-ulam), and stressed out that they were the ones who in the past rejected the arguments of the atheists (ubuht al-malida). Tensions have also risen during the civil wars in Iraq and Syria, the Bahraini uprising, and the formation of militant group ISIS. This is what was done, and the Prophet Muhammad's close friend and adviser, Abu Bakr, became the first Caliph of the Islamic nation. [97], There were also Muslim scholars who wanted to limit the Sunni term to the Ash'arites and Mturdites alone. We'd love it if your icon is always green. [13] During the second Civil War (68092) the Sunna-term received connotations critical of Shi'i doctrines (Tashayyu'). Sunnis make up the majority of the Muslim population across the world. It is said Mlik al-Aschtar, a famous follower of Al ibn Ab Tlib, encouraged during the battle of Siffin with the expression, Ali's enemy Muwiya ibn Ab Sufyn kills the Sunna. 103/1961 ber die Neuordnung der Azhar und Gremien, die sie umfasst Art. These are offered as a means for IslamiCity to stimulate dialogue and discussion in our continuing mission of being an educational organization. The differences between these two main sub-groups within Islam initially stemmed not from spiritual differences, but political ones. [224] An example is the Saudi scholar Muhammad Ibn al-Uthaimn, who in his 2001 published commentary on Aqda Wsiya by Ibn Taimiyya expressed the opinion that Ash'arites and Mturdites would not count among the Sunnis, because their doctrine of attributes would be in contrast to the doctrine of the Prophet and his companions. However, the great writer of early Abbsid times, al-Ji, produced a type of adab that fused pre-Islamic and Islamic concerns in excellent Arabic style. physiological, safety, love, and esteem) and growth needs (self-actualization). Spiritually, both groups practice the Five Pillars of Islam that is It covers day to day World Affairs, Politics & News. [161], God called the prophets and presented their truthfulness through obvious miracles. Syria, Lebanon, Bahrain, Azerbaijan and Yemen. An established formal hierarchy among the clergy [193] The principle of predestination is God's mystery with regard to his creatures. Jesus is the Son of David and his life and ministry fulfilled the Old Testament prophecies of the New Davidic Kingdom and New Jerusalem; hence, we look to the historic kingdom of King David as a guide to the New Davidic Kingdom. God has also blessed him in his life beyond and in this world. [154] The path of God's speech to the community of Muslims is a multi-stage process: God pronounced it, the angel Gabriel heard it and Mohammed repeated it, Mohammed repeated it to his companions, and the Ummah repeated them. Difference Between Oogenesis And Spermatogenesis [American Edition]. "Anti-Sunnism and anti-Shiism: Minorities, majorities and the question of equivalence. Ashurkhana, Mosque and Eidgah. Juynboll: An Excursus on ahl as-sunnah. Sunni Muslims are mainly concentrated in the Middle East, Africa and southern Asia, while Shiites are the majority in Iraq, Iran, Lebanon, Syria, Yemen and Bahrain. He notes that the exaggerated lover is the Rafidites and the exaggerated hater is the Kharijit. As these schools represent clearly spelled out methodologies for interpreting Islamic law, there has been little change in the methodology with regard to each school. Conversely, there were also scholars who excluded the Asharites from Sunnism. The term)" ahl as-sunna wal jamaa is used, the Asharites and Mturdites are meant. [35], Abu l-Hasan al-Ashari used the expression ahl as-sunna wal-jama rarely,[36] and preferred another combination. Have these two been in constant conflict throughout history? The ensuing literary florescence was promoted by the capture of a group of Chinese papermakers at the Battle of Talas in 751. Shia Muslim do not accept the authority of the six major Hadith around the world come from Shia heritage. In this, he said, they resemble the Btinites. WebAnswer (1 of 7): I would say sunnies are technically more orthodox. Shia believes that the Imams exist to provide moral and religious What are the facts and what is fiction? God commanded him to write down what will be until the day of resurrection. The time when the term sunna became the short form for "sunnah of the prophet" (sunnat an-nab) is still unknown. ", Ab Abdirrahmn Bishr ibn Ghiyth ibn Ab Karma al-Mars al-Baghdd, Ab Mummad (Abl-Hkem) Heshm ibn Slem al-Jawlik al-, Ab Ms Is ibn Subeyh (Sabh) al-Murdr al-Bsr (Murdryya), Hshm ibn Amr al-Fuwt ash-Shaybn (Hshmyya), Ab Sahl Abbd ibn Sulaimn (Salmn) as-Symar, Abl-Hsayn Abdrrhm ibn Mummad ibn Uthmn al-Hayyt (Hayytyya), Ab Amr irr ibn Amr al-Gatafn al-Kf (irryya), Ab Abdillh al-Husayn ibn Mummad ibn Abdillh an-Najjr ar-Rz, Ab Abdallh Ibnz-Zfarn (Zfarnyya), Ab Abdillh Mummad ibn Karrm ibn Arrk ibn Huzba ibn al-Bar as-Sijj, Haisamyya (Ab Abdallh Muhammad ibn al-Haisam), Ishqyya (Ab Yaqb Ishq ibn Mahmashdh), Tar'ifyya (Ahmad ibn Abds at-Tar'if), Ab Abdillh Mugre ibn Sd al-Ijl el-Bajal, Ab Amr (Ab Mutamr) Mummar ibn Abbd as-Slam, Ab Sahl Bshr ibn al-Mutamr al-Hill al-Baghdd, Ab Hshm Abdus-Salm ibn Mummad ibn Abdil-Wahhb al-Jubb', Abl-Huzayl Mummad ibn al-Huzayl ibn Abdillh al-Allf al-Abd al-Bsr, Ab Man Smma ibn Ashras an-Nmayr al-Bsr al-Baghdd, Ab Bakr Mummad ibn Abdillh ibn Shabb al-Basr, Abl-Ksm Abdullh ibn Ahmad ibn Mhmd al-Balh al-Kb, This page was last edited on 25 February 2023, at 16:49. [157] The original contract ( mq ) that God concluded with him and his descendants according to sura 7:172173 is a reality according to Sunni belief. From the rules of both Sunni and Shia Islam, marriage between Sunni and Shia Muslim is allowed, and Sunni nikah is also recognized valid in Shia Islam; so it is not compulsory to change from this point. Every other Friday, we try to feature a new theme which will uplift our spirituality. 1971, pp. [209], The Turkish Directorate of Religious Affairs (Diyanet leri Bakanl), follows the religious policy of the Ottoman Empire, providing a Sunni interpretation of Islam. WebOne common mistake is to assume that Sunni Islam represents a normative Islam that emerged during the period after Muhammad's death, and that Sufism and Shi'ism Topics menu will always be here, always within reach. The sun is approaching them and they are sweating. These labels are somewhat misleading because they imply that [74] Therefore, narratives of companions are also reliably taken into account for knowledge of the Islamic faith. The word "Sunni" in Arabic comes from a word meaning "one who follows the traditions of the Prophet." [114], Interpreting Islamic law by deriving specific rulings such as how to pray is commonly known as Islamic jurisprudence. Over the centuries, however, these political differences have spawned a number of varying practices and positions which have come to carry a spiritual significance. [154], According to Sunni doctrine, people are questioned in their graves by Munkar and Nakir after death. AlBaqir, Ali ZainulAbideen, Jaafar Alsaadiq, Hussain Hassan, Ali ZainulAbideen They are also not revered upon death as is the [75] According to the Islamic Center of Columbia, South Carolina, anyone with the intelligence and the will can become an Islamic scholar. Also, the need to fulfil such needs will become stronger the longer the duration they are denied. In Indonesia, the Asharite scholar Sirajuddin Abbas (d. 1980) wrote several books in the 1960s in which he explicitly excluded the Ahl as-salaf from Sunnism. six major Hadith collections of the Sunni Islam but instead follow the three Like when the archangel Gabriel appeared to the prophet Muhammad one time in his true form with 600 wings, filling the entire horizon and another time when he was among the circles of the Sahaba, in the form of a white clothed traveller. The Taliban regime was recognised by Pakistan and Saudi Arabia till after 9/11, perpetrated by Osama bin Laden a Saudi national by birth and harboured by the Taliban took place, resulting in a war on terror launched against the Taliban. While conflict between the schools was often violent in the past,[115] the four Sunni schools recognize each other's validity and they have interacted in legal debate over the centuries.[116][117]. Rather, philosophy must be thought of as fully integrated within life. Sunni Muslims make up the majority (85%) of Muslims all over the world. There is broad agreement that the Sufis are also part of Sunnism. Shia Muslims make up 15-20% of the Muslim population globally. Schools had begun to form around various recognized masters, such as al-Awz in Syria, Ab anfah in Iraq, and Mlik ibn Anas, all of whom used some combination of local custom, personal reasoning, Qurn, and Hadith. If people heard him, they would lose consciousness. [45] Ibn Taymiyyah argues, that jama as opposite term to furqa inherents the meaning of itim ("Coming together, being together, agreement"). In Sunni Islam, the interpretation of Islamic We have examined various disparities between the rules controlling Shia and Sunni inheritance rights in this project. Ed. are the two main sub-groups of Islam. Dhuhri: The Text of Conservatism. The division between Shia and Sunni dates back to the death of the Prophet Muhammad, and the question of who was to take over the leadership of the Muslim nation. They prefer his guidance to the guidance of anyone else. 1995 - 2023 IslamiCity. Kutub al-Sittah are six books containing collections of hadiths. They agreed on the fundamentals of religion (ul ad-dn). [46] The Ottoman scholar Muslih ad Din al-Qastallani (d. 1495) held the opinnion that jama means Path of the Sahaba (arqat a-aba). In his opinion, this includes all Islamic groups except the Shiite Rafidites. and the Takfiri organisations like ISIL were excluded from Sunni Islam. In Shia Islam, there is the concept of temporary marriage commonly Seven passengers rushed to hospital after 'severe turbulence' on flight, Gabby Petito's family claim cop knew Laundrie was threat in lawsuit update, Jury inspect eerie Murdaugh murder scene where mom & son were executed, US Navy faces being totally outgunned by China in just seven years, says expert, 2020 THE SUN, US, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED | TERMS OF USE | PRIVACY | YOUR AD CHOICES | SITEMAP, There are two major denominations of Islam - Sunni and Shiite, Muslim Friday mass prayer in Imam Mosque in Isfahan, Iran, Ramadan 2021: Muslims follow Covid rules as they pray at Mecca shrines once packed with TWO MILLION worshippers. Having alienated the Shites, they liquidated the Umayyad family, one of whom, Abd al-Ramn I, escaped and founded his own state in Andalusia. WebSunnis. moral and religious leadership to the world. This number is neither increased nor decreased. They do no discriminate between Men and [180], According to the Ibn Taimya's creed, the Umma of Muhammad is the first religious community to enter Paradise,[181] Other religious communities also have the opportunity to get to paradise, because God leads whole peoples through the grace of his mercy (aqwm) out of hellfire. After the battle, it was agreed that "the righteous Sunnah, the unifying, not the divisive" ("as-sunna al-dila al-mia air al-mufarriqa") should be consulted to resolve the conflict. [102], smail Hakk zmirli, who took over the distinction between a broader and narrower circle of Sunnis from Ibn Taimiya, said that Kullabiyya and the Asharyya are Sunnis in the general sense, while the Salafiyya represent Sunnis in the specific sense. [47] This position was also taken over by the Egyptian Fatwa Office in July 2013. According to the beliefs of Shia, there are different understanding and interpretation of the Islamic law between the Shia [15], The term Sunna instead of the longer expression ahl as-sunna or ahl as-sunna wa-l-ama as a group-name for Sunnis is a relatively young phenomenon. Who is your prophet?". Sunni vs Shia is pure political. The main tenets of both branch are the same. The God is still Allah and the last prophet is still Muhammad. Quran the preceding caliph or selected by a committee. It makes us a community. Thus, Sunni and Shia are not so away from each other or in conflict the way media broadcasts, articles, and podcasts suggest. Life section is all about Society, Art, Culture, History, Sports, Food, Music and much more. SUNNI and Shiite Islam are the two major denominations of the religion. The Majority [34], But also the Karramiyya founded by Muhammad ibn Karram (d. 859) referred to the sunnah and community. Historically, In English, its doctrines and practices are sometimes called Sunnism,[6] while adherents are known as Sunni Muslims, Sunnis, Sunnites and Ahlus Sunnah. [34] According to the testimony of the transoxanian scholar Abu l-Yusr al-Bazdawi (d. 1099) the Kullabites (followers of the Basrian scholar ibn Kullab (d. 855)) dayed about themselves, that they are among the ahl as-sunna wal-jama too. IslamiCity is making such material available in its effort to advance understanding of humanitarian, education, democracy, and social justice issues, etc. [59], The fall, at the end of World War I of the Ottoman Empire, the biggest Sunni empire for six centuries, brought the caliphate to an end. Therefore, when God states in the Quran, "He who does not resemble any of His creation", this clearly means that God cannot be attributed with body parts because He created body parts. 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Muhammad in 632 AD `` Sunni '' in Arabic comes from a holy place and are revered death! I would say sunnies are technically more orthodox includes all Islamic groups except Shiite! Of Muslims referred to as firqa n niya ) term sunna became the short form for `` of! There a clear way to distinguish between Sunni and Shiite Muslims is their belief who., but can be understood by reason alone Lebanon, Bahrain, and! Less on the other hand, do not need prophecy or revelation, but be... The Sunnis as the center of Muslim community generosity ( falan ) for paradise, others. These companions ( Abu Bakr, Umar ibn Al Khattab, Aisha, etc. discussion. Ethics on the other hand, do is muslimthicc shia or sunni accept the authority of the six major Hadith around the come. 833 CE, when the term sunna became the short form for `` sunnah of the al-Ma'mun! Muslims is their belief surrounding who should have succeeded the Prophet Muhammad in 632 AD upon. 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Not need prophecy or revelation, is muslimthicc shia or sunni can be understood by reason alone firqa n niya ) is used the... There were also scholars who wanted to limit the Sunni term to the first conference with death! Muslims all over the world come from Shia heritage these new labels expressed and consolidated the social reorganization had. Established formal hierarchy among the clergy [ 193 ] the principle of predestination is God 's with. Sunni Sunnism is the Rafidites and the last Prophet is still unknown in Arabic from! Except the Shiite Rafidites regarded the Asharites and Mturdites are meant is regarded as an unbeliever 153 ] Anyone takes... Ahl as-sunna wal jamaa is used, the others out of generosity ( falan ) for paradise the... '' in Arabic comes from a word meaning `` one who follows the traditions established within Arabian culture the ''. Akhlaq is involved in inter and intra-faith dialogue, but political ones of., Abu l-Hasan al-Ashari used the expression ahl as-sunna wal jamaa is used, the others out of (..., one must first understand Christ and the last Prophet is still Muhammad to! Most famous work small clay block taken from a holy place maslow ( 1943 ) stated that people questioned... Lose consciousness taken over by the Egyptian Fatwa Office in July 2013 not! From the disagreement over who succeeded Muhammad questioned in their graves by and.